Hello I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English. Important Report on the Dark Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA <== view to Video Simulation! [Abstract] Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and gravitational potential energy (GPE). In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be created and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition. Also, GPE is composed by 3 units of \(U_{+ +}\), \(U_{--}\), and \(U_{-+}\) when negative and positive energy exists, \(U_{-+}\) (GPE between negative mass and positive mass) has positive values and is the component that makes repulsive gravitational effect. \(U_{-+}\) corresponds with the inner energy of the system and can be interpreted as dark energy. Also, situations in which \(U_{-+}\) has much higher value than \(|U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }|\) depending on the distribution of negative mass and positive mass is possible. This doesn't mean that 72.3% of dark energy independently exists, but means that explanation from GPE occurring from 4.6% of negative energy, which is the same as 4.6% of positive energy, is possible. Moreover, 4.6% of negative energy is the energy which is inevitably required from zero energy, which is the most natural total energy value in the universe. This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravity and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong. I. Introduction Gravity is the force conquering the structure of the universe. By recognizing the components of the universe, we are estimating the quantity of components composing the universe through size of gravity and GPE. In estimating some kind of unknown energy quantity of universe components, gravity has been a crucial part. For example, if the universe is composed of some materials and these materials are always moving in equal velocity, unknown repulsive energy to offset this attraction was needed and it was assumed that the size of this energy is the same as the size of the energy of materials and the direction should be the opposite. From the observation on accelerating expansion of the universe in 1998, we assumed that a repulsive energy bigger than the total energy of visible matter need to exist and called this dark energy. Also, this dark energy has been accepted as an independent energy different from matter or dark matter We have trusted the above analysis on gravity and GPE had clear validity. However, through current numerical computation, we found that there was possibility of severe errors in this analysis through gravitational effect. Negative mass is stable at the state of high energy. So the “problem of the transition of the energy level of minus infinity” does not occur, and thus positive mass and negative mass can exist in the same space-time In this paper, we show that the universe led to the current structure of the universe, if we assume pair creation of positive energy and negative energy in the early universe. We looked for size of GPE when negative and positive energy (mass) both exist and try to explain this GPE value regarding to the current size of dark energy. II. Birth of the universe from zero energy state http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYEPbCpkLa8 This is a computer simulation that shows you that the universe led to the current structure of the universe with pair creation of positive energy and negative energy from the zero energy state. III. Significant characteristics of dark energy and gravitational potential energy A. Simulation background and method 1) Physical background a)Initial energy value of the universe It looks more natural when an initial energy value of universe is 0. Therefore, negative energy is needed to offset positive energy of matters. If there was pair creation of positive and negative energy in the beginning of the universe, it is estimated that the total value of all positive energy will totally offset the total energy of all negative energy. If we consider only rest mass energy and GPE, the relation below will be valid. \(E_T = 0 = ( + E) + ( - E) = 0 = \sum {( + m_ + c^2 ) + } \sum {( - m_ - c^2 ) + } \sum {U = 0}\) \((m_ + > 0,m_ - > 0)\) b) \(m_- = m_+\) The size of \(m_+\) and \(m_-\) can be a different during pair creation but this paper has purpose in showing possibility of various GPE values depending on the placement of particles which are pair produced, so the case in which \(m_+\) is equal to \(m_-\) will be looked into. c) Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) If negative mass and positive mass coexist, GPE consists of the below three items. \(U_T = U_{ - + } + U_{ - - } + U_{ + + }\) \(U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{G( - m_{ - i} )( - m_{ - j} )}}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}\) \(U_T = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})} + \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}\) GPE between positive masses are negative value. \(U_{ + + } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ + i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ + + ij} }})}\) GPE between negative masses are negative value. \(U_{ - - } = \sum\limits_{i,j,j > i}^{i = j = n} {( - \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ - j} }}{{r_{ - - ij} }})}\) GPE between positive mass and negative mass are positive value. \(U_{ - + } = \sum\limits_{i,j}^{i = j = n} {( + \frac{{Gm_{ - i} m_{ + j} }}{{r_{ - + ij} }})}\) When the number of negative mass is \(n_-\), and the number of positive mass is \(n_+\), total potential energy is given as follows. \(U_T = (n_ - \times n_ + )U_{ - + } + (\frac{{n_ - (n_ - - 1)}}{2}U_{ - - } + \frac{{n_ + (n_ + - 1)}}{2}U_{ + + } )\) For example, two pairs exist. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! \(U_T = (U_1 + U_2 + U_3 + U_4 ) + (U_5 + U_6 )= 4U_{ - + } + 1U_{ - - } + 1U_{ + + }\) Gravitational potential shows significant characteristic when negative mass and positive mass both exist. While \(n^2\) positive gravitational potential is produced above, \(n^{2}-n\) negative gravitational potential are produced. Therefore, total GPE can have various values. d)Vacuum Energy Vacuum energy value which is currently known is an energy value that is too big. If this vacuum energy exists, it is difficult to explain why it isn't easily found around us. In the hypothesis of the pair creation of negative mass and positive mass, Vacuum energy will become exactly 0 because vacuum is the space in which pair creation and pair annihilation of positive and negative energy occurs. e)Characteristics of the negative mass For characteristics of the negative mass, refer to below video. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlDl9w8ariI 2)Simulation Program To look into the characteristic of GPE, we used the simulation program named Gravitation3D made by Roice Nelson. 3)Simulation setting a)Definition of parameter A few parameters were needed to be defined for simulation. Distance between pair creation negative energy and positive energy(distance of 1 pair) : \(d_0\) Minimum distance between particle pairs for density modification during pair creation : \(d_m\) Radius of pair creation range : \(R_0\)=500 Particle number of pair creation : \(N_0\)=2000ea (1000 pair) b)Finding mean value Through Gravitation3D program, 1000 particle pairs (total 2,000ea particles) were produced by random and one mean value (GPE) of each distance value was found 5 times each. c)Verification on program To check if the calculated results of the program were correct, we calculated the GPE when 1, 2, and 3 pairs (consist of 15ea potentials) of particles existed by hand and confirmed that this value corresponded to the calculated results of the program. B. Results of simulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpiH3jsCnA 1) Distance=0.01 Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! It was found out that \(U_{ - + }\) value having positive value could be much higher than \(|U_{ + + } + U_{ - - } |\). Thus, even though the size of positive mass and negative mass was equal, it could be known that repulsive GPE could be much higher than attractive GPE. 2) Distance =0.10 Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! We will describe that an unknown repulsive energy \(U_{ - + }\) higher that attraction of visible matter exists for the energy value of above.
3) Distance =0.19 Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! According to the observance result of WMAP, it is predicted that current dark energy, dark matter, and matter is approximately 72.1%, 23.3%, and 4.6%, respectively . Dark matter and matter correspond to negative gravitational potential because they have attractive gravitational potential and dark energy correspond to positive gravitational potential because it produces repulsive effect. Therefore, observation ratio of current universe is 72.1/27.9 = 2.584. Is shows similar condition to 2.63 which was found above. If conditions are changes, ratio of negative gravitational potential and positive gravitational potential can have various conditions close to 2.58. 4) Distance =1.00 Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! Particle pairs show to overlap (in the process being expressed in visible size) because of distance between negative mass and positive mass composing singular particle pairs are relatively close. Overlapping is unrelated to the calculation of GPE. It can be known that distance between singular particle pairs are much smaller compared to the distance between other particle pairs. One particle pair corresponds to the cluster of galaxies in the universe structure. From movement characteristic of negative mass and positive mass, galaxies and cluster of galaxies have clustering structure of negative mass in the outside of the galaxy. 5) Distance =10.00 Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image!
Accelerating expansion of the universe C. Accelerating expansion of the universe Expansion of the universe means increase of the distance between cluster of galaxies or the galaxy while the sizes of individual galaxies are the same. Structure of galaxies or cluster of galaxies surrounding negative masses in the pair creation model of negative and positive mass is implied. In this simulation, d0, which is the distance between negative and positive mass, is maintained as a constant in this simulation, or the radius value of the size of the universe increases when d0 decreases. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! Change of potential energy by change of R radius Pay attention on the change of negative GPE and positive GPE ratio Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! As R, which corresponds to the radius of the universe, increases, absolute values of GPE all decrease while the total GPE is mostly maintained. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! However, ratio of positive gravitational potential and negative gravitational potential increases as the universe expands and this is seen to mean that percentage of repulsive effect (Dark Energy) increases compared to the attractive effect of ordinary matter. F.Centripetal force effect in the galaxy from dark matter(negative mass) halo out of the galaxy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylEi2gpnD08 If the negative mass is disposed at the outline, the test mass vibrates, and a kind of restoring force (This corresponds to the centripetal force when considering rotation of the galaxy) exists. This suggests that the halo, dark matter (negative mass) of the external Galaxy could get additional effects of centripetal force to the inner Galaxy.
Observation value of WMAP G.Observation value of WMAP 1)Pair Creation Assuming pair creation of negative and positive energy in the beginning of the universe, it is seen that law of conservation of energy should be valid for each pairs for law of conservation of energy to be valid. According to calculation of the previous paper, it is predicted that size of negative must bigger than size of positive. So \(m_ - > m_ + \) 2)Some interpretation According to the observance result of WMAP, it is predicted that current dark energy, dark matter, and matter is approximately 72.1%, 23.3%, and 4.6%, respectively . Now, let's correspond to the GPE as follows. Matter = \(U_{+ +} \) = Negative GP Dark Matter = \(U_{--} \) = Negative GP Dark Energy = \(U_{-+} \) = Positive GP Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! In condition of \( - m_ - = - 2.25m_ + \), results shown above were gained. This doesn't prove that the size of current negative mass is 2.25 times as positive mass. However, the above result implies that there is possibility to explain that the size ratio of the 3 predicted energy by using the "hypothesis of pair creation of negative and positive mass." The ratio above is valid between the 3 physical parameters. Case of this ratio being valid was found through simulation. H.Results of simulation 1) Even though negative and positive mass have the same size, total GPE can have +, 0, - values depending on the placement of each. 2) \(U_{-+}\) value is higher as \(d_0\) is smaller and the total GPE also have a high positive value. 3) Looking into the numerical calculation of B)-1)-B)-4), it can be seen that positive gravitational potential value \(U_{-+}\) can have much higher values than negative gravitational potential values(138% - 3,201%). If we consider the distance of Planck length level, this value can have very high values enough to explain inflation. From the observation result of WMAP, we know that dark energy value, which generates repulsion, is 2.58 times the total of matter and dark matter. Until now, it is predicted that dark matter produces attraction. Closely look into numbers B)-3). Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! 4) Because we judge components of the universe by gravity or GPE, it can be assumed that there is dark energy of 2.63 times or inner energy of 2.63 times regarding the situation of \(U_{-+}\) value having approximately 2.63 times \(U_{++}\) and \(U_{--}\) values in number B)-3). There are several situations satisfying 2.58 times. 5) The above results show that 72.1% of dark energy doesn't exist independently, but implies that there is possibility that negative energy having the same size of positive energy can emerge. 6) This "increase of dark energy" doesn't come from a newly generated space, but shows feature of GPE which is made by negative mass and positive mass. IV. Conclusion From the simulation result of chapter II and accelerating expansion of the universe, there is possibility that our universe is composed of negative and positive energy (mass). From analysis results of chapter III, total GPE has 3 components and it is known that the total of this GPE can have positive and negative values. No one has seen dark energy or dark matter. We must remember that we only recognize it through gravitational effect. Because we judge components of the universe by GPE and gravity which is the slope of GPE, it is estimated that some unknown energy generates repulsive gravitational effect which is 2.63 times higher than the total quantity of matter and dark matter. This discovery shows possibility that content estimating dark energy quantity through gravitational effect we found can be different from the real fact. This discovery implies that our belief that size of gravity and size of components of the universe would always 1:1 correspond was wrong. Therefore, it is necessary to try to calculate and observe negative mass more strictly, laying aside the abstract aversion of negative mass. --- Icarus2
When you say, "... it is being shown that ...", you must mean that, "one explanation for the existence of the universe is speculated to be ...". And a universe created from nothing is different than a universe preceded by GPE. The potential GPE is a precondition. Do you agree or are you saying the the pair production is from nothing? That sounds like the initial singularity of Big Bang theory to me. Any comments?
Paper : Important Report on the Dark Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy http://vixra.org/abs/1110.0019 <== Paper ---Icarus2
I do read papers from vixra but you should recognize in doing so they are not only not peer reviewed they don't even meet the minimum standards for pre-peer reviewed papers released on arxiv. Take papers from this source with a grain of salt... I have not looked at the linked paper and this is a general comment. Some folks won't even consider papers from vixra. Try searching for similar papers at arxiv.org. That would be the next step up and just short of peer reviewed journal publications.
Still, either it is 1) something from nothing or 2) the gravitational potential energy pre-existed the pair production. Do you know if the paper tells which is the case? Where does the GPE come from because the paper says: "In this paper, it is being shown that the universe can be created and expanded through pair creation of positive energy (mass) and negative energy (mass) from zero energy condition ." Isn't "created" a strange word here? I almost sounds like the "God did it" explanation for the existence of the universe as opposed to "something from nothing". :shrug:
something from nothing Thanks quantum_wave. I argue that "something from nothing". In my hypothesis, gravitational potential energy is not pre-existed condition. At the beginning of the universe, \(E_T = 0 = ( + E) + ( - E) = 0 = (\sum { + m_ + c^2 } ) + (\sum { - m_ - c^2 } ) + (\sum U ) = 0\) \((\sum { + m_ + c^2 } )\), \((\sum { - m_ - c^2 } )\) are corresponding to something. At present, \(E_T = 0 \) I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English. Meaning of “created” in my article is “born”. I disagreed with that “God did it”. I think that gravity and electromagnetic force were born from “a complete state of nothingness without gravity and electromagnetic force”, the universe expanded and locally clustered, and void and galactic structure were formed. In addition, I have some clue for the causes of the birth of gravity and electromagnetic force from nothingness. But, I don’t want to disclose them right now because 1. Maybe, I am likely to write a paper on this matter in the future. 2. I am going to say about these when people are ready to listen to what I say when the hypothesis of negative mass is more recognized by people than now. Have a nice day! --- icarus2
Good luck then with the future plans. I have never been able to understand how any circumstances could be preceeded by nothing Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image!.
Riddle me this: A photon, at light speed, "lives" in a frozen clock world. How can it "know" a before or after. Is there causality there or not? Just wondering your, or anybody else's, thoughts on this.
Maybe, dark energy is constant. Is dark energy constant? Currently, dark energy is being observed as though it has a constant value. Generally, density of subjects that have local energy distribution should change to \(1/r^3\), so this model is difficult to explain the constant value. Therefore, it is easy to consider it as a wrong model. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! Where \(R_0\)=200, it is the situation where the radius has increased in double to R=400 when the distance of the particle pairs has decreased to \(1/30\). It is the result randomly producing 1,000 particle pairs and finding gravitational potential energy value. Looking into the above results, the \(\rho _{ - + }\) value that corresponds to the repulsive gravitational potential energy density (dark energy density) is almost being maintained as a constant even though the volume was increase to 8 times. In the above mechanism, particle A (positive mass) and particle B (negative mass) is evenly distributed, and particle A and particle B do change by \(1/r^3\), but any physical quantity that comes out of their relation is possible by constant value. Of course, dark energy in my model is a variable that essentially depends on time.
I had a new computer simulation. We set up each model from the birth of universe to the present, and calculated GPE using computer simulation in each level. As a result, we could verify that “pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass” explains inflation of the early universe and decelerating expansion, and present accelerating expansion in time series. This simulation is showing incredible results. It not only explains the total energy of the universe, flatness, and the essence (Total zero energy, pair creation of negative energy and positive energy) of the process of birth of the universe, but it explains inflation, decelerating expansion in the early stage, accelerating expansion in the late stage, and dark matter through the only term, negative energy. Moreover, this negative energy is one that is essentially required by the law of energy conservation. Please see to below link! Simulation 1. Dark energy - Accelerating expansion of distant galaxy due to negative mass http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71nMvwUhHwE Simulation 2. Inflation, decelerating expansion and accelerating expansion with pair creation of negative mass and positive mass http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRUqQM2FfNU 3. Paper: The change of Gravitational Potential Energy and Dark Energy in the Zero Energy Universe. http://vixra.org/abs/1110.0019
