fountainhed:
I agree with your alien example! A symbol may have a different or even totally unrelated meaning to the receiver than it does to the sender. This is what happens when you don't speak the same language as someone else... you both bark meaningless garbage at each other until you can descend to some context - a mutual language, grunting, gestures, arm-waving - that permits you to communicate. Give and take is a vital part of communication, but in the context of a single symbol set being given out by one thing, the communication of concepts is less than guaranteed - it depends upon the context that has already been established.
I mention the Chinese Room in this discussion not because I have any intent to make a point about consciousness, but to illustrate a symbol generator that is by definition not a conscious thing. It has no thought, but it still accepts symbols and responds with symbols. Of course, it theoretically doesn't change context, so it's not a perfect example, but you could say the same about animals. If you don't believe that animals think (or even if you just believe that their thoughts are very simple) then you would probably consider them to operate on an entirely flat context - one which has values, but that never changes.
I have assumed up until now that instinct does not play a big part in (unintentional) symbolic communication between people and animals, but rather that people generally learn to gauge the reactions of animals by looking at them... it takes a long time to learn the facial expressions of cats, for instance, because what they initially look like isn't really what they seem to mean. As such I have assumed for the sake of argument that instinct is not a factor in symbolic communication except between humans... I'm sorry for not saying this in advance.
However! What I've been trying to say (thanks for keeping me in line by the way) is that in the case of initial or atomic communication - communication where context is not agreed upon, or where the symbols are being given unintentionally - the symbols that are received are received in a way entirely related to the receiver and not the sender. Let me draw a minor example.
A person goes to the coffee shop to engage in coffee shop philosophy - this is their first time, and they are very excited. Wes is there, drinking a triple latte frappucino and talking about metaphysics. Our person, let's call her Fran, seats herself across from him and prepares to deliver her opening statement.
She says, "I liked that part of Star Wars where Obi Wan said 'It was true... from a certain point of view.' I think that line really helps express the subjective nature of truth."
Wes, being an old hand at this sort of thing, cannot suppress a slight smirk.
Let us go inside their heads.
Wes thinks: "That's good for a beginner... definitely heading in the right direction... man have I heard that a million times before. Lemme help you reinvent that wheel a little faster."
Fran thinks: "Shit, he's laughing at me. He thinks I'm wrong. But I know what I said has meaning for me! He's laughing at what I said and he thinks I'm stupid."
These two are addressing the SAME SYMBOL, Wes's expression. They both know what it means to them... but they missed out on what it means to the other person. If any more words pass between them, like:
Wes: "Yeah, Ol' Ben had some good lines in him... since you brought it up, let's talk about points of view, 'cause I have some ideas that you might like."
then the context has been adjusted slightly and the symbol can be reinterpreted by Fran to mean something less troubling, like that Wes recognizes her statement's connection to philosophy in the grand scale.
The point is that until context gets set, the symbols sent out are received incorrectly almost by definition; the more complex the symbols are, the more they will be misinterpreted. Feelings like hunger and happiness and loneliness represent a basic context that people inhabit all the time, and can express very simply through facial expressions that are simple for other people to interpret. Once you pass out of this simple context, more complex agreements have to be come to for you to be able to approximate your personal CONCEPT as a symbol that will be interpreted the way you want.
I always thought that, if I were given one wish, it might be: "I wish that I knew how to say things so that people hear them how I mean them, instead of how I say them."
Wes: Sorry to use you as an example, but your philosophy is so recognizable that you made a good cast for that part.
You seem to be a little puffed out... I'll wait patiently.
Gendanken: With respect to whether rats can think beyond the immediate... not sure. I basically think that they have a couple of related faculties, but can't say whether they amount to our sense of thinking ahead.
Faculty 1) They prioritize objects over the long term. A rat can adjust to you and appreciate you as "safe" as a single measure without needing to remember the nice things you did... all it needs is a "like/dislike" gauge in its little brain that goes up when you are nice, and down when you are nasty. Is this memory? Whether it is or not is a serious problem with my personal philosophy... I haven't yet managed to answer this. It might be interesting to see whether a "like" can be associated with an object memory - for example, if we could prove that rats always like blue boxes because they always have a snack inside. This is out of my field of expertise.
Faculty 2) They can remember arrangements of objects. A rat can remember a maze and travel through more quickly on the second run. Of course, so can some insects, so this kind of memory is hardly exclusive to rats. (For insect memory, there was a study that examined insect maze traversal time on repeated trials; the trial was done on larval beetles, and then again when they reached their adult instar. Insects actually appear to remember mazes through metamorphosis, which I think is really weird.)
Do these components form the sum of what is required for human-like memory? I'm not sure. It is difficult to determine whether the ability to form object-arrangement memories implies memory of individual objects, or only a one-object world-representation that is just molded to a shape resembling the arrangement in each case... the world is a terribly complex place, and even a tiny rat brain has endless possibilities. (But, this thread isn't about rats.)
Animals do show some ability to plan ahead, even if it is only some kind of stereotyped behaviour; building nests, or using tools like chimps and those cactus-spine birds... setting up chase relays like timber wolves do... it seems that certain animals do have an idea of the future as something to be interacted with in advance.
Does this imply a mindset conducive to symbolic communication? I think, at this point, that humans represent a more specialized symbolic communicator than wolves (for instance), because we have structures that are evolved to deal with complex symbolization, like human speech (which does represent an energy/survival cost and therefore appears to have a benefit even in rudimentary forms). Of course, this makes me wonder about dolphins, whales, elephants, and other creatures with evolved structures for complex symbolization. This is where I begin to wander into unknown territory...
(Ever hear what elephants sound like when they rumble at each other? There's a sped up tape of it I heard at school...)
So, at the last, I am unable to say whether rats seperate themselves from the immediate. I am pretty sure that they can recognize a present situation as being similar to a past one, and plot out a series of actions going forward... but I'm not sure if that's all that is needed.
BTW, I am unlikely to reply on weekends since I don't really have a net connection on those days... sorry.