Does attributing technological advancement to automatic moral advancement sew the seeds to return humanity to the stone age?
Probably not the stone age. But some approximation of the totalitarian vision if
1984 is very possible and perhaps even likely. I'm not convinced that we will like the future very much, if we could know it today.
What I most disagree with about the 'narrative of progress' isn't so much its association with technology, but just its assumption that history is a one dimensional line. There's the future and the past. The future is good, ultimately culminating in some Kingdom of (no)God. The past is evil, consisting of little more than darkness, suffering and injustice.
Since there is only one direction in which history can move, the only choice that we have today is whether we become "progressives" moving as quickly as possible towards the coming utopia, or try to resist the inevitable and cling to evil as "reactionaries".
I think that vision of the future holding both continual moral improvement and eventual salvation lies at the basis of much (most?) of contemporary politics. It's certainly implicit in much of atheist ideology, with its warfare between science (the good force of the future) and religion (the dark evil force of the past). It's an old idea, derived ironically not so much from science as from religious eschatology.
My own view is that the future consists of an almost infinite number of possibilities. So time isn't so much a line as it is a tree. The future explodes into a thicket of branches, each branch multiplying similarly at each instant. Each branch represents a way that things can turn out starting at 'now'. And each branch has a thickness, corresponding to its probability. So history is more likely to unfold some ways than others.
That leaves people in a situation that's far more complicated than merely choosing whether to move left (forward towards good) or right (backwards towards evil). We have to choose, or at least participate in choosing, which possible future we want and then figure out how to get there.
Some futures might be wonderful, others hellish. Our problem today is that we can't see how the future alternatives turn out and we can't really tell which are which. We don't know which actions today will result in desirable changes tomorrow and which will produce something else.
It even becomes more complex if we believe, as I do, that there is no such thing as absolute and universal good and evil, applicable to all people at all times. We do have social instincts that are presumably the same for all human beings, and that keeps most human ethics on the same page so to speak, such that the ethics of different cultures resembles each other.
But the way that social instincts play out in detail and in practice is contingent and 'socially constructed'. Ethics differ dramatically culture to culture. (Just look at Deuteronomy, ancient Rome or Islamic Shariah.) Members of each culture are behaving in ways that its people consider good and right, even if it all seems profoundly wrong to our eyes.
Which suggests that whatever future emerges from the unpredictable chaos of history is likely to possess an ethics very unlike our own, an ethics built upon a similar foundation of social instinct, but socially constructed by them and not by us. We are likely to perceive civilizations of the future as evil by our lights, just as we look the same to them.
So while they might believe that history has progressed inexorably towards greater goodness (them) out of comparative darkness (us), we might not agree if we could see it. Moral values and the cultures that produce them will always look good to members of those cultures (since it's those cultures that are defining 'good' and 'evil' in their time and place). They will always perceive themselves as the good ones and judge everyone else in terms of themselves.
Just as we are doing today with our contemporary mythology of inexorable 'progress'.