In the world of investing, safety (capital preservation) and high interest (maximum return on investment) are conflicting terms. In fact, as a rule of thumb, the higher interest promised is a direct indicator of that investment's risk. The higher the interest or expected return the more risk that, if realized, will result not in a low rate of return but in the actual loss of principle. (e.g. if one invests 100 dollars in January of 2005 and then only gets back 90 dollars in January of 2006 you have suffered a 10% loss of principle).
I live in the U.S. and am only familiar with this area and, although I am sure that the following particulars may apply in the U.K., you should consult your financial advisor before finalizing any such decisions. Don’t forget that this is free advice and you get what you pay for, so here goes.
Your Grandmother should first answer these questions: What is she going to use the expected return for and what is her risk comfort level?
Regarding the former, if the interest will be used as income then more conservative, less risky, guaranteed instruments such as CD’s (Certificates of Deposit) might be in order these currently return higher interest than Savings accounts and even Money Market Mutual Funds but are not as liquid (easily turned into cash in financial emergencies). These (CD’s) come in different term lengths: from 3 months up to 5 years. The longer you lock up the principle (at least $500) the higher the interest rate (currently 3 months gets you 2.75 %.)
If she is financially able to sustain a greater risk (of principle erosion) and willing to invest long term (at least 5 years) balanced mutual funds may be attractive. This is where a little research is in order but generally she may want a ”fund of funds”. These try to balance risk by diversifying the principle invested into different types of investment funds which are, in turn, diversified into stocks and bonds. The concept of diversification is meant to decrease risk by ensuring that all your money (eggs) is not put into one particular vehicle (basket). So, if one vehicle, say bonds, goes south you don’t lose too much but then your overall gain may decrease. I mention these as long term because at any given point in time (like in the very late 90’s and 2000) your interest rate for any one year may be negative but overall (5-10 years) you will come out ahead.
It gets even more complicated when one considers what particular stocks (Small-Cap Growth, Large-Cap Value, etc) or bonds (Investment Grade Corporate, Government Securities) will help obtain you financial goals while sustaining your risk comfort level. Just another piece of “Free Advice”: if you start to look at Mutual Funds, after risk considerations, one should note the fund’s overall expense ratio (this is found in the fund’s prospectus which tells you, among other things, generally how the fund intends to invest your money). The better fund’s ratios are 0.5% or less. As an example let’s say your fund has an expense ration of 1.5% and its overall annual performance is 4.25%. Sounds pretty good until you subtract out the fund cost ratio and end up with only a 2.75% gain (4.25% - 1.5% = 2.75%). This you could have received with a modest CD investment vehicle with practically no risk to your principle!
A little research here goes a long way, but remember the balancing act involved: return vs. risk. Read some simple layman’s guides such as: “Investing for Dummies” they are easily read in sections and explain using everyday English how to avoid pitfalls.
Real Estate is probably a good hedge against inflation (but not always), but presents liquidity and tax issues that increase legal complications. Capital gains are a good thing if you can get them but remember the flip side called capital losses. Additionally, capital gains (especially short-term capital gains) are a taxable event which must be considered in the overall framework of your financial situation.
It would not hurt to consult a professional on a “fee for” basis (as opposed to a percentage of assets fee). Stick to “no-load funds”. These Loads are just fees that you pay up front before the fund even garners any return (if it does) for you. Remember any Load, Fee, or expense cuts down on your return and must be calculated out of the final percentage of return on investment!
JM