How did ancient women deliver baby?
Women overwhelmingly served as classical antiquity's version of gynecologists, obstetricians, and nurses/midwives. When location made it possible (in contrast to handed down lore of remote communities), many did receive what amounted to formal training for that era. Historical information about such matters, however, was mediated to the future by males. For instance, this apparently paraphrased from Donald Todman's
Childbirth in ancient Rome: from tradition folklore to obstetrics:
Soranus described three main stages of pregnancy: conception, which regarded keeping the male seed within the womb; pica, which occurred 40 days into pregnancy and included symptoms of nausea and cravings for extraordinary foods. During this phase women were also instructed to exercise and sleep more to build up strength as preparation for the labor process. The final stage of pregnancy was described as the labor and the process of delivery. In preparation for labor, the woman was advised to bathe in wine and sweet-water baths to calm her mind before delivery. Her belly was then rubbed with oils to decrease the appearance of stretch marks, and her genitals were anointed with herbs and injected with softeners such as goose fat.
Pregnancy testing via urinating on grain seeds dates back at least to Ancient Egypt (supposedly 70% accuracy according to a 1963 study, but take that with a grain of salt).
The term "delivering" circa two or three centuries ago originally meant delivering slash rescuing a woman from death during and after childbirth, rather than "delivering babies". It's estimated that 1 in 34 women died in childbirth during ancient times. But that probably pertains to regions categorized as contributing to the history of the Western World.
Indigenous peoples of recent centuries certainly aren't ancient, but they could still reflect low-tech practices. In the 17th century, Adrien Van der Donck described Native American childbirth as involving the expecting mother departing "
...alone to a secluded place near a brook, or stream of water . . . and prepare a shelter for themselves with mats and coverings, where, provided with provisions necessary for them, they await their delivery without the company or aid of any person. . . . They rarely are sick from child-birth [and] suffer no inconveniences from the same.” Other descriptions from European witnesses are supposedly similar. But these accounts are sometimes disparaged today with respect to their being interpreted by men often witnessing such events for the first time. Rather than, say, a vastly more experienced midwife or the rare husband actually desiring/demanding to be allowed in to observe his wife giving birth first hand, back home.
Midwifery dates back as far as history can go. So there is your replacement for hospital facilities, wherever the event commenced (usually home) is where the midwife intervened. During the Renaissance and later, when "experts" who believed in bloodletting and who practiced in unsanitary conditions began partially crowding out midwives,
postpartum infections became a scourge. In 15th-century Florence, "childbirth was so dangerous that a woman would make out her will as soon as she found out she was pregnant".
Circumstances didn't necessarily improve even after the Enlightenment, right up to the edge of the 20th-century.
Druin Burch (When Childbirth Was Natural, and Deadly): In the first half of the nineteenth century about five European women in a thousand died from childbirth. Death rates in maternity hospitals were often ten times that; the hospitals stayed open because doctors had an incurable faith in good intentions, and patients a poor grasp of mortality statistics. The physician and poet Oliver Wendell Holmes led the American campaign to stop the spread of the disease by getting doctors to wash their hands. Obstetricians felt slighted. "Doctors are gentlemen," said Charles Meigs of the Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, arguing that no such care was needed, "and gentlemen's hands are clean." How could the pure of heart possibly be spreading disease? For Meigs and many others, noble intentions mentally equated to good outcomes. It would be hard to find another example of the sympathetic fallacy with such far-reaching and tragic consequences. Yet hand washing slowly grew commoner. Aided by Louis Pasteur's advocacy of germ theory, hygiene improved. Giving birth began to get safer.