The troll always wins. That may be one way to calculate voltage but in no way is it required for there to be a frequency or current in order for a voltage level to be present.
It is the law of mutual induction. Again, there is no way for a static magnetic field to generate a voltage. Here's a basic primer on electronics theory:
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Electromagnetic Induction
We have seen previously that when a DC current pass through a long straight conductor a magnetising force, H and a static magnetic field, B is developed around the wire. If the wire is then wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole.
Air-core Hollow Coil
The magnetic flux developed around the coil being proportional to the amount of current flowing in the coils windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing through them, the static magnetic field strength would be increased.
Therefore, the
Magnetic Field Strength of a coil is determined by the
ampere turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the greater the strength of the static magnetic field around it.
But what if we reversed this idea by disconnecting the electrical current from the coil and instead of a hollow core we placed a bar magnet inside the core of the coil of wire. By moving this bar magnet “in” and “out” of the coil a current would be induced into the coil by the physical movement of the magnetic flux inside it.
Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in the coil. Then by either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we can induce a voltage and current within the coil and this process is known as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic principal of operation of transformers, motors and generators.
Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the 1830’s by Michael Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a single loop of wire it induced an ElectroMotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage, and therefore a current was produced.
So what Michael Faraday discovered was a way of producing an electrical current in a circuit by using only the force of a magnetic field and not batteries. This then lead to a very important law linking electricity with magnetism, Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction. So how does this work?.
When the magnet shown below is moved “towards” the coil, the pointer or needle of the Galvanometer, which is basically a very sensitive centre zero’ed moving-coil ammeter, will deflect away from its centre position in one direction only.
When the magnet stops moving and is held stationary with regards to the coil the needle of the galvanometer returns back to zero as there is no physical movement of the magnetic field.
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Yes, they do behave the opposite way capacitors do when they are in series in a line.
They always behave the opposite way. Capacitors try to keep voltage constant, and will vary current dramatically to attempt to do this. This is why capacitors make good filters and temporary storage devices. Inductors try to keep current constant, and will vary voltage dramatically to do this. This is why inductors make good ignition coils and flash triggers.
A transformer can operate in much the same way as a capacitor, it is just that plates can be replaced by coils.
Not even close - and if you attempted to do this, you would fail miserably.