William Aberhart (December 30, 1878 – May 23, 1943), also known as
"Bible Bill" for his outspoken
Baptist views, was a
Canadian politician and the
seventh Premier of
Alberta (1935 to his death in 1943).
[1] He was the founder and first leader of the
Alberta Social Credit Party, which believed the
Great Depression was caused by ordinary people not having enough to spend. Therefore, Aberhart argued that the government should give each Albertan $25 per month to spend to stimulate the economy, by providing needed purchasing power to allow needy customers to buy from waiting businesses.
During his premiership, Aberhart campaigned for and instituted several anti-poverty and debt relief programs, and other governmental reforms, such as consolidation of Alberta's numerous small school districts into centralized school divisions, and natural resources conservation. His attempts at banking reform met with less success, facing strong opposition from the federal government, the courts, privately-owned newspapers and a coalition of the Liberal and Conservative parties. Aberhart's government did successfully establish the Alberta Treasury Branches (now
ATB Financial), a government-owned financial institution to provide an alternative to existing banks, which continues to operate as a
Crown corporation of the Alberta government.
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Political career[edit]
Aberhart became interested in politics during the
Great Depression in Canada, a time which was especially harsh on Albertan and Saskatchewan farmers. Particularly, he was drawn to the
Social Credit theories of Major
C. H. Douglas, a British engineer. From 1932 to 1935, Aberhart lobbied for the governing political party, the
United Farmers of Alberta, to adopt these theories, but it never did.
It is doubtful that Aberhart fully understood the theories himself.
[15] The basis of Douglas's A+B theorem is that prices rise faster than incomes when regarded as a flow, and individuals' purchasing power should be supplemented through issuance of new credits that have not derived from the productive system. After Aberhart's lobbying of the United Farmers to adopt Social Credit principles was unsuccessful., he helped found the
Social Credit Party of Alberta.
This party won the
1935 provincial election by a landslide with over 54% of the popular vote and all but seven of the 63 seats in the legislature.
[16]
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His government did not implement much of the Social Credit policies promised in the party's election platform, because of the province's very poor financial position in the depths of the Depression. The federal government's opposition to Social Credit and the threat it held over Alberta during its hour of weakness were significant blocks to Aberhart moving forward. The federal government has jurisdiction over Canadian currency and banks, under the
British North America Act. However, there was no constitutional barrier to Alberta producing its own currency, which Aberhart's government did to a limited degree with its
Prosperity certificates. Aberhart did threaten the power of private banks with his government's extension of the UFA government's foreclosure moratorium and mandatory debt adjustment. It has been said that the reason Premier Aberhart knowingly went beyond constitutional limits with proposed legislation was because it won him support among the electorate, for at least trying to do what he promised. In his defence, he said the Establishment did not oppose Social Credit because it would not work but for fear it would work.
Lieutenant Governor John C. Bowen refused to give
Royal Assent to three government bills in 1937. Two of the bills would have put the province's banks under the control of the provincial government, while a third, the
Accurate News and Information Act, would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial
cabinet deemed "inaccurate". All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court of Canada and the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. For its leadership in the fight against the latter act, the Pulitzer Prize committee awarded the
Edmonton Journal, the
Calgary Herald, the Red Deer News,
Lethbridge Herald and the province's weekly newspapers a Special Citation, the first time it was awarded outside the United States.
Aberhart instituted a variety of relief programs to help people out of poverty, as well as public works programs and a debt relief program that froze some debt collections and mortgage foreclosures. This, like
Tommy Douglas' similar program in Saskatchewan, was later overturned in the mid-1940s by the Supreme Court, although it aided people for a number of years during and (for a short time) after the Great Depression.
Alberta's Social Credit government brought in legislation under which an MLA could be recalled by a portion of his/her constituents. Aberhart's own constituents, including out-of-power UFA farmers and many oilworkers working for U.S. oil companies threatened by Aberhart's Natural Resources Conservation legislation, gathered signatures for Aberhart's own recall. He thus became the first Canadian politician to be threatened with recall from office. Aberhart's government retroactively repealed the recall legislation rather than have Aberhart forced to give up his seat.
[17]
In keeping with his evangelical views, Aberhart added a heavy dose of
social conservatism to Major Douglas's ideas. Most notably, he enacted very tight restrictions on the sale of alcohol. Indeed, the only stricter law in Canada at the time was in
Prince Edward Island, where the sale of alcohol remained completely banned until 1948. Well into the 1960s, commercial airlines could not serve alcohol while flying over Alberta.