@Janus - so once deleted, it can truly be “gone?” I guess I didn’t realize that emptying my trash folder erases the data. Or does it.
Typically it doesn't, not straight away.
Deleting a file on your hard drive only really changes the table that tells the computer which parts of the hard drive space are "free space" and which contain files. It doesn't change the actual data that was written in the space that is now marked as "free".
As others have said, once the space is marked as free, there's nothing to stop the data that this there being overwritten by a new file or files. But until that happens, the whole or parts of the "old" data will still be there.
There is software available that can be used to actually over-write "deleted" files with random data, thus making the original data unrecoverable. But that is not what usually happens when a file is deleted.
There are lots of companies that make money trying to recover data that has been accidentally or maliciously deleted. But they can only recover data that hasn't been overwritten.
One other complication is that data in a file on a disc is not guaranteed to be stored sequentially on the physical disc. What happens instead is that the data is written in smallish chunks, and those chunks are linked together to give an overall "map" that tells the computer where to go to look for the next piece of the file. The chunks can be scattered all over the disc, in principle (this is sometimes called file fragmentation). After a file is deleted, some chunks might be overwritten, while others remain. So when somebody tries to recover the data, they may be able to get parts of it, while other parts are forever lost.