What you have described is with β+ decay, which would change, which changes the atomic number of the targeted atom. This is not the case for bombardment. The ways are...
- Pair Production: When high-energy photons (gamma rays) interact with a strong electromagnetic field, they can produce an electron-positron pair. This typically requires the photon to have energy exceeding 1.022 MeV (the combined rest mass energy of the electron and positron).
- Beta Plus Decay: In certain types of radioactive decay known as beta plus (β+) decay, a proton in an unstable nucleus is transformed into a neutron, emitting a positron and a neutrino. This process occurs in isotopes such as carbon-11 and potassium-40.
- Particle Colliders: High-energy particle accelerators can collide particles at significant energies, leading to conditions where pair production can occur. When protons or heavy ions collide at high speeds, they can produce various particle-antiparticle pairs, including positrons.
- Cosmic Ray Interactions: Positrons are also generated in the atmosphere when cosmic rays (high-energy particles from space) collide with atoms in the air, resulting in various particle interactions.
- Certain Nuclear Reactions: Some nuclear reactions, particularly those involving proton-rich isotopes, can also produce positrons as a byproduct.
For arc welding the welding rod may be attached to the positive or the negative terminal of a DC power supply, or to an AC power source. The arcs are created by CC jumping from the tip of the welding rod across the gap to complete the electric circuit, so generating enough heat (up to 6500OF) to cause a partial melt of the target and the weld rod. Electrode-negative (
DC- or straight) polarity involves the attachment of the welding rod to the negative terminal of DC power and, for electrode-positive (
DC+ or reverse or DCEP) polarity, it is attached to positive terminal. Should DC current be due to the one-way movement of cetron electrons then DC- welding is easily explained by cetron electrons from the rod causing the arc, but DC+ welding would not be possible unless cetron electrons jump from the weld-target to the welding rod, or should protons jump from the welding rod to the target, which they don’t.
The characteristics of DC+ and DC- are different: DC- polarity has a faster melt-off of the electrode, faster deposition rates, and involves less power usage. Also, due to the higher work function of aptron electrons that create the arc, a DC+ welding rod heats up more than a DC- rod, and because the aptron electrons have to be more energised (i.e. acquire more kinetic energy) to exit the welding rod, a deeper weld results. However, the heating aspect of the DC+ rod is useful to melt welding flux and provide a seal to the new weld, which is most useful in many situations (e.g. underwater welding). Because it involves the alternating use of cetron and aptron electrons, sinusoidal AC welding characteristics fall somewhere between those of DC- and DC+.
Fractal (or
Lichtenberg)
wood burning involves the use of high voltage (in the order of 2,000 volts) DC electricity to generate stunning and unique Lichtenberg figures that spread outwards through the wood from each electrode. It is really worth viewing wood burning in action as demonstrated in these 3 samples:
video 1,
video 2 and
video 3.
As can be seen in all fractal wood burning videos, the Lichtenberg figures develop simultaneously from both the positive and negative electrodes as the electric current follows leader lines within the wood that represent the pathways of least resistance. Due to the high resistance of the wood, it heats up and burns to form carbon, which is a good conductor, and which allows the burning to move outwards from the electrodes. Multiple burn paths quickly develop and simultaneously expand from each electrode to produce quite stunning and unique Lichtenberg figures.
The fact that, for fractal wood burning, Lichtenberg figures develop simultaneously from both electrodes, cannot be explained by just cetron electrons moving away from a negative electrode towards a positive electrode, which is conventional Science’s definition of DC electricity.
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