Oh I think there's plenty of critical thinking coming out of the various progressive think tanks. But I also agree that they often get it wrong, even after thinking about it for some time.The current "Progressive movement" tends to be well-meaning but they don't seem to ask "what could go wrong" or "is this narrative actually a problem?" In other words, the problem is lack of critical thinking before forming their solutions.
A free market system is about as efficient as you can get. Competition drives prices toward zero and profit drives competition to be efficient. You can't do more than that.
In terms of pure profit - agreed. But an unregulated free market system gets you Donora, and slavery, and the Triangle Shirtwaist fire, and Love Canal, and the Cuyahoga river. And these are bad enough that we want to avoid them, even if they reduce the overall profit of a system.
Thus a balance between a completely free market and a regulated market is critical. Nowadays progressives are more on the side of regulation (hasn't always been true) and conservatives are more for deregulation. Both sides provide that balance.
The fundamental global problem is that people misunderstand how systems work. When they demand more than a system can produce, or demand incompatible outcomes, they unintentionally damage their own goals.
It everyone realized this, there would be little to no debt and fewer disagreements and everyone would be better off.
Debt is often used within a capitalist system to work for individuals and companies. Mortgages get people into houses, and for most people, end up giving them their most valuable investment. Leverage lets investors make more money. This isn't a "misunderstanding of how systems work" - it is understanding them and using them to one's advantage.
My arguments are about the economic system and not the political system. Have an efficient economics system and then have whatever political system the local people want.
Unfortunately, there is often a lot of overlap. Slavery, airline deregulation and Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac are some examples.