Julian Barbour's Shape Dynamics theory might be a fifth, though some see it as a cousin of BU.
His theory proposes that time is not a fundamental dimension, but rather an illusion emerging from the changing, static configurations (“shapes”) of the universe. It posits a relational, rather than absolute, view of space and time, where only the relative positions and arrangements of objects (shapes) hold physical reality. I read a couple chapters of his book, and SDT seemed just hopelessly untestable.
An abstraction like Platonia would certainly seem to defy testing. Even a musical composition(?) inspired by it...
- In Platonia (intro): What are we to make of time? Julian Barbour believes that our perception of time as an arrow is an illusion; instead, he has posited a vast metaverse called Platonia, a configuration space that contains every possible permutation of every iota in the cosmos. In this unimaginably large landscape all Nows, conceivable and inconceivable, past and future, co-exist as point instants – ‘reality-slices’. Each is complete with the mind contents of every sentient being that inhabits them, and this provides the false perception of continuity.
Sounds not just figuratively like one movie strip constituted of different frames stretched out, but all the alternative versions of that movie (as might be rendered across a multiverse) stretched out along with it, and then all the frames of those countless strips chopped apart and arranged according to some order of probability (or whatever technical scheme).
- https://iai.tv/articles/the-elegant-universe-auid-349?ts=1769325697
EXCERPT: We call this Shape Dynamics. It is much closer to the way Leibniz and Mach thought. It leads to a radically different way of describing gravity but one that still essentially agrees with the actual predictions of Einstein's theory...
[...] In your book The End of Time you argue that time is an illusion. How did the need for a quantum theory of gravity impact this?
Both Leibniz and Mach argued that time as such does not exist. It is not like a pre-existing line on which one can place different instants in which the Universe has particular shapes formed by the things that coexist in a given instant. Instead, Leibniz said, "time is the succession of coexisting things".
In my way of putting it, there is just a succession of shapes of the Universe and no pre-existing 'amount of time' between them. Mach, for his part, said: "It is utterly impossible to measure the changes of things by time. Quite the contrary, time is an abstraction at which we arrive by means of the changes of things." The most direct application of these ideas in a context in which one tries to describe the whole universe in quantum-mechanical terms, which nearly all physicists think is essential, leads to an equation in which time does not appear at all. Nothing seems to happen.
If it's a succession of different configurations (shapes) of the universe, then it would be akin to treating the changes we experience as speciously "traveling" through a sequence of slightly different [frozen] parallel universes. Which to us seems to be the same world incrementally evolving in complexity.
Of course, if his
Platonia is a geometrical "landscape" constituted of all possible configurations of the cosmos (the different ways that its particles or whatever can be spatially arranged), then a path through those shapes or forms might be meandering rather than a straight line. Possibly a Darwinian-like competition going on with respect to which one (as the next) is most similar to the last one, and thereby maintaining overall coherence.
Though, just like with the block-universe, the "movement" would apparently have to be a trick of brain consciousness, since everything is actually static. (Unless he's attributing wave function collapse to making the transition from one configuration to next possible: "
Barbour suspects that the wave function is somehow constrained by the 'terrain' of Platonia."
- Experiment is arguably the master of theory in science. What cosmological observation would you most like to see?
Unambiguous evidence that the universe closes up on itself in three-dimensional space as the surface of the Earth does in two dimensions. I am then almost certain that Shape Dynamics would be the right way to describe the universe.
And how would this then inform the way we understand the universe?
There is a huge difference between a spatially closed universe and an infinite one. Indeed, the difference is literally infinite. In many ways a closed universe is an attractive concept because, in Einstein's words, "the series of causes of mechanical phenomena is closed". More ambitiously, it is the necessary condition for us to be able to hope for a complete self-contained description of the Universe. That is obviously an attractive possibility.
To avoid contradiction, "infinite" entails more being perpetually added (or divided), since a completed condition or quantity is finite (no matter how ridiculously large it might be). If time or change itself was infinite, something in the neighborhood of the growing block universe would be implied (or perhaps a growing Platonia, in Barbour's case). To avoid that, one might prefer time to be like ouroboros, and curve back on itself (future somehow degrades into the same same situation as the beginning).
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