Some scientific facts
<center><FONT face=Arial color=#ff0000 size=6><B>What Satellite Records Reveal</B></FONT>
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<FONT face=Arial color=#aa0000 size=5><B>Introduction</B></FONT></center>
<dir><FONT face=verdana size=2>We have an excellent, well reviewed and verified record of temperature changes in the troposphere for the period since <b><font color=#aa0000>MSU</font></b> Microwave Sounding Units satellites were launched back in 1979. This record allow us to make two things:
<dir><I><B>1. See were errors are located in surface temperature records.
2. Determine if temperature changes are caused by greenhouse gases.</B></I> </dir>
First, data. Here are shown temperature changes, as recorded by both, MSU satellites and surface weather stations. The graph shows temperature changes from the North Pole to the South Pole, divided in latitude bands 10º in width.
<center><IMG height=261 src="http://mitosyfraudes.8k.com/images-5/image1.jpg" width=499 border=0><p><b>Source:</b> data MSU by < <A href="http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/msu.htm">
http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/msu.htm</A> ><BR>Surface data by Jones et. al, < <A href="http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm">
http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm</A> ></center>
First, we are going to see what this reveals us about temperature records.
<FONT face=Arial color=#aa0000 size=4><B>Errors in the surface temperature records</B></font>
MSU data have been rigorously examined in order to establishing <b><font color=#aa0000>its absolute accuracy</font></b>. On the other hand, surface temperature records have an enormous amount of problems, and have never been audited for determinig the bad information. It suffers from a lack of global coverage, distortion by the "urban heat island effect", data erroneoulsy taken, and changes in the instrumentation.
<FONT face=Arial color=#ff0000 size=4><b>1) LACK of COVERAGE</b></font>
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<P><b>Source:</b> Surface data by Jones <I>et. al</I>, <BR>< <A href="http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm">
http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm</A> ></center>
1) The lack of coverage problem is shown by a big peak in the surface temperature records between 60ºS and 70ºS. This is clearly an artifact, because the peak is too high to be real, and because both satellites and ground stations show that there has been a cooling on both sides of the peak.
This is confirmed by a detailed examination to see where the peak is located. It is in the band between 60ºS and 75ºS.
The reason for this peak can be seen in any world map. Virtually, the whole band from 60ºS to 65ºS is open sea - where there are no weather stations. The few stations in firm ground in that band are in the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the few areas in the world that is warming <FONT color=#aa0000><b><i>(most of Antarctica is cooling)</i></b></font>.
This is a problem of lack of coverage -- the warming for a small portion (2% of Antarctica) is claimed as representative of a whole latitude band, in this case a band we know from satellite readings, <b><font color=#aa0000>it is cooling.</font></b> While this is only a small example, the same problem extends to the surface temperature record. About 75% of the Earth is covered by oceans, and ground stations <b><font color=#aa0000>do not cover the oceans at all.</font></b>
<font face=arial color=#ff0000 size=4><B>2) URBAN WARMING</B></font>
Contamination of records by urban warming becomes visible if we ignore the erroneous peak between 60ºS and 70ºS. The peak absent, surface and satellite records are in general agreement from the North Pole down to 50ºN, and from 40ºS to the South Pole. In the areas between polar regions, however, surface temperature records are consistently warmer than satellite records.
Since the majority of cities on Earth are in these medium latitudes, these erroneously high temperatures are the highly probable result of urban warming. Although efforts have been made to correct the data in order to eliminate the urban warming adjusting temperature records based on population in cities, there is no evidence that these efforts had succeded. On the contrary, the fact is satellite data on medium latitudes show these efforts have failed.
The only way to eliminate these urban warming errors would be examine all and every one of ground stations to determine if conditions in the station area have changed. Even in a small town, the building of a power generating utility close to the weather station, or something as little as the growth of trees surrounding the station, will increase the local temperature. there is no way for correcting this based on population counts -- one muest go to all and any station and check the surroundings. It goes without saying, this effort has not been done.
<FONT COLOR=#FF0000 SIZE=4 FACE=ARIAL><B>3) BAD DATA</B></FONT>
In certain parts of the world, data gathering is erratic, and sometimes contain deliberate errors. In the Russian Siberian areas, por instance, cities and villages used to get money from the Russian central government based on their temperatures - if the weather was colder, more money was given to them for compensating the increased fuel costs for fighting the cold. This gave the people an incentive for reporting false low temperatures.
With the fall of the Soviet empire in the late 80s, however, this practice ended. This change in policy can be seen clearly in the ground weather stations records of those regions:
Notice the radical change at the late 80s. This problem has not been corrected in surface temperature records, so the Russian ground records show as if there was a huge warming between the late 1980s and today. However, the new data, this time real, <b><font color=#aa0000>show a strong decreasing trend.</font></b><p><center><IMG height=223 src="http://mitosyfraudes.8k.com/images-5/image3.jpg" width=380 border=0><br><b><font face=verdana size=2>Source:</b> Surface temperature data by Jones et. al, <A href="http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm">
http://www.co2science.com/temperatures/jones.htm</A></CENTER>
However, far from showing a warming trend, the surface record show that from 1930 until late 1980s there was no significant warming in this region, and that temperatures decreased slightly since 1990 to present days.
<font face=arial size=4 color=#ff0000><B>4) CHANGES in INSTRUMENTATION</B><p></FONT>
Surface temperature records have also not been audited regarding changes in instrumentation. These changes include change of thermometers, and the instalation of automatic recording devices <FONT color=#aa0000>(they give a higher reading because the cabinet door is never opened)</font>, and changes in the station location. As an example, this is the Vardo, Norway, station record:<center>
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Clearly, something happened in 1920 that resulted in a sudden rise in temperatures reported at Vardo. We don't know which was the change there, if it was a new thermometer or the station displacement to a new location, but the result is more than evident.
Without correction, the average surface temperature record shows erroneously almost a full degree centigrade increase in a century. After the correction, <b><font color=#aa0000>the increase is barely 0,12º C in 100 years.</font></b>
Summing up, satellite records highlight the great amount of problems that ground station records have, revealing some errors directly, and pointing indireclty to others. Considering this, the surface temperature records cannot be considered reliable.
<P><B><FONT color=red size=4>Warming and Greenhouse Gases</B></font>
In addition to some errors revealed in surface temperature data, satellite data can also tell us something about the observed change in temperatures.
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Here is the satellite data, along with the trend line for the data:
There are a pair of noteworthy items shown in this graph. Firstly, temperature increased more in the north, and less in the south. In fact, Antarctic regions, from 50ºS down to the South Pole, <b><font color=#aa0000>have cooled,not warmed.</font></b>
This support the idea that the warming is not caused by CO<FONT size=1>2</font>, because the greenhouse gases theory predicts a greater temperature increase in colder regions. This has not happened, and in a very clear way by all means, and this real result <FONT color=#aa0000>(cooling in the south, warming in the north)</font> is not predicted by any computer model used by the IPCC.
For instance, the IPCC says that <FONT color=#ff0000><b>"It is expected that Polar environmental changes will be greater than for other places in Earth".</b></font> <FONT color=#aa0000> (IPCC 1996, WG II, Section 7.5).</font>", and <FONT color=#ff0000><b>"The projected warming in Polar regions is greater than the projected warming for many other regions in the world"</b></font>. <A href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/508.htm">
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/508.htm</A>
However, both surface station and satellite records agree that <b><font color=#aa0000>this "prophesized" South Pole warming has not taken place.</font></b>
Second: tropics are areas of great worrying if the "global warming" were occurring, since those regions already are the warmest on the planet. Any additional warming there would be a danger for those regions. But, far from warming, <b><font color=#aa0000>tropical regions have cooled during the last 24 years</font></b>. again, this has not been foreseen by any computer model used by the "greenhouse industry". Here is a graph of the areas in the world that have warmed and those who have cooled:
<center><IMG height=340 src="http://mitosyfraudes.8k.com/images-5/image5A.gif" width=470 border=0><p><b>Source:</b> Graph by RSS<BR>Temperatures by Christy, <A href="http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/temperature/">
http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/temperature/</A></center>
It must be noted that the RSS graph above uses color in a subtle and misleading way. The light and dark reds really mean <font color=#ff0000><b>little or NO warming</b></font>. Colors in the graph create a perception of a generalized warming (by a subconscious association with <font color=#ff0000>fire and heat</font>), and many people will not notice the color bar at the bottom of the graph, that says red really means <font color=#ff0000><b>"no change"</b>!)</font>
<font color=#0000bb face=verdana size=2><b>Note by Eduardo Ferreyra - president of FAEC, Argentinean Foundation for a Scientific Ecology:</b> Using a graphic design program, such as Corel's "Photo Paint", I have used the menu function <b>"Image > Adjuste > hue/saturation/density"</b>, to <b>automatic and proportionally</b> shift the color scale towards values that provide a better visual idea (more real) of temperature changes shown in the graph. The "subconscious" hot red has disappeared, being replaced by a dark blue shade, and the "real" warming is represented by by <b><font color=#ff00ff>purple shades</font></b>, that shows more clearly the regions that <b><font color=#ff0000>have really warmed</font></b>. It should be noted, also, that black means <b><font color=#aa0000>cooling</font></b>, and black, along with dark and medium blues (no change) are predominant. Compare with the color bar at the bottom.
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<b><font size=4>¿Do you see any catastrophic warming here?</font></b></center>
<B><FONT color=#aa0000 size=4>Summary:</B></font>
<font face=verdana size=2 color=#000000>
Although the MSU satellite is only a short 24 years record there is not a single indication that there might be occurring a 2warming by greenhouse". The pattern for the present warming <FONT color=#aa0000>(shown above)</font> it is not predicted by IPCC's computerized simulations for warming by CO<font size=1>2</font> and other grenhouse gases increase.
The entire satellite data for the whole world shows a warming during the 1979-2002 period of <b><font color=#aa0000>just 0.005º C by year</font></b>, or <font color=#ff0000><b>0.5º C in a century</b></font>. This is, by far, much less than "prophesized" by the IPCC's "global warming" hypothesis for the recorded period, that was characterized by massive CO<font size=1>2</font> emissions to the atmosphere.
This demonstrates that there is no "global warming", as it demonstrates that there is <b><font color=#aa0000>no anomalous warming</font></b>. Satellite records, the best available information we have, show the present warming trend - half a degree Celsius by century - is well within the range shown for the last few hundred years.
<b><font face=arial color=#0000bb size=4>Addendum by FAEC:</font></b>
<font face=arial size=4 color=red><b>Hohenpeissenberg Station</b></font>
The Hohenpeissenberg weather station is located in the Bavarian Alps, south of Germany, and has kept temperature records - in the obsessive German tradition for accuracy - for an uninterrupted span of 222 years. According to its records, the chart below plots temperatures and the resulting trend of 0.6º C in 222 years, or 0.3º C by century. Hohenpeissenberg is located in a region that has remained virtually unaltered by industrial or urban development, so it is a surface station that does not suffer from "urban warming".
This is not just a "single station in the Alps", but one of thousand of stations around the world that can be used to show there is not a catastrophic trend. But the Hohenpeissenberg station is the one with the longest reliable data available, in is paradigmatic in the case of temperature trends. Trying to dismiss it, is acknowledging this data is too dangerous for the Apocalyptic predictions of the IPCC.
The graph also show the reason why the IPCC and their supporters have chosen 1879-1880 as their starting point for the trend in their graphs: it was the coldest year in many years, and <b><font color=#aa0000>a very convenient point</font></b> for starting a trend that would show <b><font color=#aa0000>"significant" warming</font></b>.
But seeing the picture in a wider time scale - 222 years - the trend <b><font color=red>is reduced to 0,3ºC by century</font></b>, well within the natural variation induced by a more active Sun.
<center><IMG height=340 src="http://mitosyfraudes.8k.com/images-5/Hohen1781A.gif" width=550 border=0></center>
The lower temperatures in 1829 and 1816 (<b>The Year Without a Summer</b> - the Tambora volcano eruption of 1815, on the island of Sumbawa), <b><font color=#aa0000>were too far on the time scale, and would not render a steep warming trend as 1880 does.</font></b> Clever (and dishonest people) out there.
The case has been presented with enough hard facts and sound reliable data available from the provided references and links.
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