How were the pyramids at Giza constructed?

Paul Hai

Registered Member
Ask anyone how Giza Pyramids were constructed and most people will respond by talking about ramps. Most websites dealing with Giza Pyramids construction promote various ramp theories and many people, including mass news media are very persuasive. The single long ramp theory attributed to Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid has been established as a worldwide consensus theory and has been so for around one hundred years.

Pharaoh Khufu had The Great Pyramid built for his own use and the logistics of construction were well understood by his father's Pyramid constructions where new building techniques were being established. Ramp theories present a glaring engineering logistical debacle because the construction time-frame for Great Pyramid construction is documented and is twenty years, so logically it is not possible to construct The Great Pyramid and construct a ramp upon which Pyramid blocks are being hauled one block following another consecutively. Additionally the ramp requires adjustments of elevation throughout its use and finally the ramp needs to be removed.

Some claim the long ramp theory is fact and some, with caution, use terms like "most likely" and "probably", but as you have just read all this talking up of ramps is in fact nonsense. The simple truth is, there was no ramp or ramps of any type, any design for raising Giza Pyramid blocks on the Pyramid itself, simply because a Giza Pyramid in progress of construction is built layer upon layer and each layer is decreasing in area and producing steps all around the four sides and height, all logically designed for the specific purpose of using step-walking pulleys operating over all four sides of a Pyramid simultaneously. The step walking pulleys used in Giza Pyramids construction are unlike any pulley known in our modern world and were re-discovered in 2006.

What follows has been known since 2006 via university research, however only Pravda in Moscow published the article titled "The Documented Ancient Construction Method of The Great Pyramid". Pravda placed the article on the London Global News Exchange in 2019 where it was ignored, or perhaps avoided.

Consider the movement of blocks in two ways ... Consecutively or Simultaneously and knowing the documented time-frame for the Great Pyramid is 20 years. Logistics of Engineering can only accommodate the SIMULTANEOUS movement of blocks which absolutely rules out consecutive and thus rules out ALL ramp and water shaft-canal theories.

The method used is known today as Rack & Pinion Mechanical Technology and the Egyptians developed its prototype at Giza. Those hundreds of limestone steps you observe for all Giza Pyramids are RACKS, over all four sides and height.

Inty Shedu was the carpenter in chief at Giza and fabricated LOBES made from short planks of Cedar which had been imported from Lebanon as we know via the "Palermo Stone". Evidence for the "four lobe pinion pulley" is the "Petrie rocker" excavated in 1895 by Edouard Neville and handed to Petrie in person for his London museum.

The Shedu four-lobe pinion-pulley is a machine of Class Two Lever Principle, Pivot-Load-Effort, same as a forward wheel, wheel-barrow, and has a mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500 kg Pyramid block can be raised with an input effort of 900 kg. Search haitheory
https://haitheory.com/Inty_Shedu.html

rims.png

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

wheelbarrow.jpg


The engineering logistics of CONSECUTIVE traffic of blocks raised within the documented twenty year time-frame rules out ALL ramp and water-shaft canal theories which all have "one block follows another' illogical approach. Blocks were moved SIMULTANEOUSLY over all those STEPS you see of all Giza Pyramids. Four-lobe pinion-pulleys were used on and over ALL available horizontal STEP surface area. Hoist one block per hour over an eight hour day. Forty pulleys, ten per side, raise 320 blocks.

construction.jpg


Over a year, 365 days 116,800 blocks are raised. Over Twenty years 2,336,000 blocks have been raised. The method is known in our modern world as Rack and Pinion mechanical engineering. Those hundreds of limestone STEPS can be termed RACKS. The Pinions were fabricated from imported Lebanese Cedar timber under the supervision of Chief Carpenter Inty Shedu who was entombed on the Giza Plateau. Inty Shedu's four tomb statues are exhibited in the Cairo museum. The Shedu Four-Lobe Pinion-Pulley has an innate mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500kg Pyramid block is raised with an input effort of 900kg. Search haitheory website and haitheory at YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/@haitheory

 
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Ask anyone how Giza Pyramids were constructed and most people will respond by talking about ramps. Most websites dealing with Giza Pyramids construction promote various ramp theories and many people, including mass news media are very persuasive. The single long ramp theory attributed to Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid has been established as a worldwide consensus theory and has been so for around one hundred years.

Pharaoh Khufu had The Great Pyramid built for his own use and the logistics of construction were well understood by his father's Pyramid constructions where new building techniques were being established. Ramp theories present a glaring engineering logistical debacle because the construction time-frame for Great Pyramid construction is documented and is twenty years, so logically it is not possible to construct The Great Pyramid and construct a ramp upon which Pyramid blocks are being hauled one block following another consecutively. Additionally the ramp requires adjustments of elevation throughout its use and finally the ramp needs to be removed.

Some claim the long ramp theory is fact and some, with caution, use terms like "most likely" and "probably", but as you have just read all this talking up of ramps is in fact nonsense. The simple truth is, there was no ramp or ramps of any type, any design for raising Giza Pyramid blocks on the Pyramid itself, simply because a Giza Pyramid in progress of construction is built layer upon layer and each layer is decreasing in area and producing steps all around the four sides and height, all logically designed for the specific purpose of using step-walking pulleys operating over all four sides of a Pyramid simultaneously. The step walking pulleys used in Giza Pyramids construction are unlike any pulley known in our modern world and were re-discovered in 2006.

What follows has been known since 2006 via university research, however only Pravda in Moscow published the article titled "The Documented Ancient Construction Method of The Great Pyramid". Pravda placed the article on the London Global News Exchange in 2019 where it was ignored, or perhaps avoided.

Consider the movement of blocks in two ways ... Consecutively or Simultaneously and knowing the documented time-frame for the Great Pyramid is 20 years. Logistics of Engineering can only accommodate the SIMULTANEOUS movement of blocks which absolutely rules out consecutive and thus rules out ALL ramp and water shaft-canal theories.

The method used is known today as Rack & Pinion Mechanical Technology and the Egyptians developed its prototype at Giza. Those hundreds of limestone steps you observe for all Giza Pyramids are RACKS, over all four sides and height.

Inty Shedu was the carpenter in chief at Giza and fabricated LOBES made from short planks of Cedar which had been imported from Lebanon as we know via the "Palermo Stone". Evidence for the "four lobe pinion pulley" is the "Petrie rocker" excavated in 1895 by Edouard Neville and handed to Petrie in person for his London museum.

The Shedu four-lobe pinion-pulley is a machine of Class Two Lever Principle, Pivot-Load-Effort, same as a forward wheel, wheel-barrow, and has a mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500 kg Pyramid block can be raised with an input effort of 900 kg. Search haitheory
https://haitheory.com/Inty_Shedu.html

rims.png

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

wheelbarrow.jpg


The engineering logistics of CONSECUTIVE traffic of blocks raised within the documented twenty year time-frame rules out ALL ramp and water-shaft canal theories which all have "one block follows another' illogical approach. Blocks were moved SIMULTANEOUSLY over all those STEPS you see of all Giza Pyramids. Four-lobe pinion-pulleys were used on and over ALL available horizontal STEP surface area. Hoist one block per hour over an eight hour day. Forty pulleys, ten per side, raise 320 blocks.

construction.jpg


Over a year, 365 days 116,800 blocks are raised. Over Twenty years 2,336,000 blocks have been raised. The method is known in our modern world as Rack and Pinion mechanical engineering. Those hundreds of limestone STEPS can be termed RACKS. The Pinions were fabricated from imported Lebanese Cedar timber under the supervision of Chief Carpenter Inty Shedu who was entombed on the Giza Plateau. Inty Shedu's four tomb statues are exhibited in the Cairo museum. The Shedu Four-Lobe Pinion-Pulley has an innate mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500kg Pyramid block is raised with an input effort of 900kg. Search haitheory website and haitheory at YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/@haitheory

"Правда" как обычно соврала. Никакие блоки при строительстве пирамид никто никуда не перемещал. Использовалась обычная опалубка и раствор, который заливался в опалубку на месте. Со временем он становился как камень.
 
"Pravda" lied as usual. No blocks were moved anywhere during the construction of the pyramids. They used ordinary formwork and mortar, which was poured into the formwork on site. Over time, it became like stone.
That's Davidovits hypothesis, but it fails under scrutiny as does his handwaving when questioned.
 
That's Davidovits hypothesis, but it fails under scrutiny as does his handwaving when questioned.
Я не знаю чья это гипотеза. Я просто высказала своё мнение. Если есть что возразить по существу - возражайте.
 
That's Davidovits hypothesis, but it fails under scrutiny as does his handwaving when questioned.
You seem to know a bit about this. If the only place this has been published is Pravda ("Truth", i.e. state lies;)), it seems dubious. One suspects there are good reasons why it has not been taken up by the Egyptology community.

The 4 lobe pulley idea is certainly interesting and seemingly could work. However I can't find any reputable reference to this "Petrie rocker", which seems to be the only evidence for the hypothesis. Do you know if this thing exists, where it is and what Egyptologists think it may be?
 
Ask anyone how Giza Pyramids were constructed and most people will respond by talking about ramps. Most websites dealing with Giza Pyramids construction promote various ramp theories and many people, including mass news media are very persuasive. The single long ramp theory attributed to Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid has been established as a worldwide consensus theory and has been so for around one hundred years.

Pharaoh Khufu had The Great Pyramid built for his own use and the logistics of construction were well understood by his father's Pyramid constructions where new building techniques were being established. Ramp theories present a glaring engineering logistical debacle because the construction time-frame for Great Pyramid construction is documented and is twenty years, so logically it is not possible to construct The Great Pyramid and construct a ramp upon which Pyramid blocks are being hauled one block following another consecutively. Additionally the ramp requires adjustments of elevation throughout its use and finally the ramp needs to be removed.

Some claim the long ramp theory is fact and some, with caution, use terms like "most likely" and "probably", but as you have just read all this talking up of ramps is in fact nonsense. The simple truth is, there was no ramp or ramps of any type, any design for raising Giza Pyramid blocks on the Pyramid itself, simply because a Giza Pyramid in progress of construction is built layer upon layer and each layer is decreasing in area and producing steps all around the four sides and height, all logically designed for the specific purpose of using step-walking pulleys operating over all four sides of a Pyramid simultaneously. The step walking pulleys used in Giza Pyramids construction are unlike any pulley known in our modern world and were re-discovered in 2006.

What follows has been known since 2006 via university research, however only Pravda in Moscow published the article titled "The Documented Ancient Construction Method of The Great Pyramid". Pravda placed the article on the London Global News Exchange in 2019 where it was ignored, or perhaps avoided.

Consider the movement of blocks in two ways ... Consecutively or Simultaneously and knowing the documented time-frame for the Great Pyramid is 20 years. Logistics of Engineering can only accommodate the SIMULTANEOUS movement of blocks which absolutely rules out consecutive and thus rules out ALL ramp and water shaft-canal theories.

The method used is known today as Rack & Pinion Mechanical Technology and the Egyptians developed its prototype at Giza. Those hundreds of limestone steps you observe for all Giza Pyramids are RACKS, over all four sides and height.

Inty Shedu was the carpenter in chief at Giza and fabricated LOBES made from short planks of Cedar which had been imported from Lebanon as we know via the "Palermo Stone". Evidence for the "four lobe pinion pulley" is the "Petrie rocker" excavated in 1895 by Edouard Neville and handed to Petrie in person for his London museum.

The Shedu four-lobe pinion-pulley is a machine of Class Two Lever Principle, Pivot-Load-Effort, same as a forward wheel, wheel-barrow, and has a mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500 kg Pyramid block can be raised with an input effort of 900 kg. Search haitheory
https://haitheory.com/Inty_Shedu.html

rims.png

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

wheelbarrow.jpg


The engineering logistics of CONSECUTIVE traffic of blocks raised within the documented twenty year time-frame rules out ALL ramp and water-shaft canal theories which all have "one block follows another' illogical approach. Blocks were moved SIMULTANEOUSLY over all those STEPS you see of all Giza Pyramids. Four-lobe pinion-pulleys were used on and over ALL available horizontal STEP surface area. Hoist one block per hour over an eight hour day. Forty pulleys, ten per side, raise 320 blocks.

construction.jpg


Over a year, 365 days 116,800 blocks are raised. Over Twenty years 2,336,000 blocks have been raised. The method is known in our modern world as Rack and Pinion mechanical engineering. Those hundreds of limestone STEPS can be termed RACKS. The Pinions were fabricated from imported Lebanese Cedar timber under the supervision of Chief Carpenter Inty Shedu who was entombed on the Giza Plateau. Inty Shedu's four tomb statues are exhibited in the Cairo museum. The Shedu Four-Lobe Pinion-Pulley has an innate mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500kg Pyramid block is raised with an input effort of 900kg. Search haitheory website and haitheory at YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/@haitheory

If this theory has been around since 2006, why has it not been taken up by Egyptologists?

Can you explain what exactly was discovered in 2006, i.e. what evidence there is for this hypothesis?
 
If this theory has been around since 2006, why has it not been taken up by Egyptologists?

Can you explain what exactly was discovered in 2006, i.e. what evidence there is for this hypothesis?
I ran across this theory about 20 years ago and was intrigued by it.

I've always told myself that the next time I'm in London I was going to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and see if I could get a little more info on these rockers. Unfortunately I have always been with people who have never done the touristy stuff, so it gets sidetracked until next time...
 
Ask anyone how Giza Pyramids were constructed and most people will respond by talking about ramps. Most websites dealing with Giza Pyramids construction promote various ramp theories and many people, including mass news media are very persuasive. The single long ramp theory attributed to Pharaoh Khufu's Great Pyramid has been established as a worldwide consensus theory and has been so for around one hundred years.

Pharaoh Khufu had The Great Pyramid built for his own use and the logistics of construction were well understood by his father's Pyramid constructions where new building techniques were being established. Ramp theories present a glaring engineering logistical debacle because the construction time-frame for Great Pyramid construction is documented and is twenty years, so logically it is not possible to construct The Great Pyramid and construct a ramp upon which Pyramid blocks are being hauled one block following another consecutively. Additionally the ramp requires adjustments of elevation throughout its use and finally the ramp needs to be removed.

Some claim the long ramp theory is fact and some, with caution, use terms like "most likely" and "probably", but as you have just read all this talking up of ramps is in fact nonsense. The simple truth is, there was no ramp or ramps of any type, any design for raising Giza Pyramid blocks on the Pyramid itself, simply because a Giza Pyramid in progress of construction is built layer upon layer and each layer is decreasing in area and producing steps all around the four sides and height, all logically designed for the specific purpose of using step-walking pulleys operating over all four sides of a Pyramid simultaneously. The step walking pulleys used in Giza Pyramids construction are unlike any pulley known in our modern world and were re-discovered in 2006.

What follows has been known since 2006 via university research, however only Pravda in Moscow published the article titled "The Documented Ancient Construction Method of The Great Pyramid". Pravda placed the article on the London Global News Exchange in 2019 where it was ignored, or perhaps avoided.

Consider the movement of blocks in two ways ... Consecutively or Simultaneously and knowing the documented time-frame for the Great Pyramid is 20 years. Logistics of Engineering can only accommodate the SIMULTANEOUS movement of blocks which absolutely rules out consecutive and thus rules out ALL ramp and water shaft-canal theories.

The method used is known today as Rack & Pinion Mechanical Technology and the Egyptians developed its prototype at Giza. Those hundreds of limestone steps you observe for all Giza Pyramids are RACKS, over all four sides and height.

Inty Shedu was the carpenter in chief at Giza and fabricated LOBES made from short planks of Cedar which had been imported from Lebanon as we know via the "Palermo Stone". Evidence for the "four lobe pinion pulley" is the "Petrie rocker" excavated in 1895 by Edouard Neville and handed to Petrie in person for his London museum.

The Shedu four-lobe pinion-pulley is a machine of Class Two Lever Principle, Pivot-Load-Effort, same as a forward wheel, wheel-barrow, and has a mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500 kg Pyramid block can be raised with an input effort of 900 kg. Search haitheory
https://haitheory.com/Inty_Shedu.html

rims.png

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

wheelbarrow.jpg


The engineering logistics of CONSECUTIVE traffic of blocks raised within the documented twenty year time-frame rules out ALL ramp and water-shaft canal theories which all have "one block follows another' illogical approach. Blocks were moved SIMULTANEOUSLY over all those STEPS you see of all Giza Pyramids. Four-lobe pinion-pulleys were used on and over ALL available horizontal STEP surface area. Hoist one block per hour over an eight hour day. Forty pulleys, ten per side, raise 320 blocks.

construction.jpg


Over a year, 365 days 116,800 blocks are raised. Over Twenty years 2,336,000 blocks have been raised. The method is known in our modern world as Rack and Pinion mechanical engineering. Those hundreds of limestone STEPS can be termed RACKS. The Pinions were fabricated from imported Lebanese Cedar timber under the supervision of Chief Carpenter Inty Shedu who was entombed on the Giza Plateau. Inty Shedu's four tomb statues are exhibited in the Cairo museum. The Shedu Four-Lobe Pinion-Pulley has an innate mechanical advantage of 2.8 (MA=2.8) which means a 2500kg Pyramid block is raised with an input effort of 900kg. Search haitheory website and haitheory at YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/@haitheory

Where can we find more info on these Petrie rockers?
 
You seem to know a bit about this. If the only place this has been published is Pravda ("Truth", i.e. state lies;)), it seems dubious. One suspects there are good reasons why it has not been taken up by the Egyptology community.

The 4 lobe pulley idea is certainly interesting and seemingly could work. However I can't find any reputable reference to this "Petrie rocker", which seems to be the only evidence for the hypothesis. Do you know if this thing exists, where it is and what Egyptologists think it may be?
It was a claim that came out in the 80's about building the pyramids with mortar and molds, not large stones. It all ended in handwaving, but it seems Olga is holding on to the claim for some reason.
 
It was a claim that came out in the 80's about building the pyramids with mortar and molds, not large stones. It all ended in handwaving, but it seems Olga is holding on to the claim for some reason.
Уже давно доказали, что построили из раствора. В некоторых местах опалубка выгнулась, и блоки оказались кривыми. Это было доказано уже в 2000-х годах, а не в 80-х.
 
I ran across this theory about 20 years ago and was intrigued by it.

I've always told myself that the next time I'm in London I was going to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology and see if I could get a little more info on these rockers. Unfortunately I have always been with people who have never done the touristy stuff, so it gets sidetracked until next time...
Maybe I should pop along and have a look. But there is no mention of them on the internet apart from the various publications put out by our poster, which suggests they are not widely recognised as significant objects.
 
I wouldn't do "Petrie Rockers" (Rollers? Rocker Rollers?) with lobes like that - seems kind of obvious it is better to try for a smooth circle.

"Petrie Rocker" -

1748298910593.png

I saw a variation of this recovered from funerary goods on a doco (but too long ago to provide any link), minus the peg holes, that looked like the curved edge had a deep groove, suitable for cord/rope to wrap around without being rolled over.

I've seen drawings of a variant that had neither peg holes or grooves, that I assumed to be based on archaeological evidence. Not one style but several?

1748300153601.png

The suggestion they could be use like that was rejected by others on the basis that (without holes or groove) there appeared no way to fix them to the blocks. Like (IMO) too many pyramid 'experts' they took their own inability to see simple solutions as proof there weren't any. I would've tried wrapping leather straps around them - on hard ground the narrower leather 'tyre' might have given less resistance, but the broader area would work better on soft ground.

That they were not commonly preserved may be just that they were so common and unremarkable - and taken away to use again. And I would note that the other suggested methods left little or no evidence, ie where are the rollers if that was what was used?
 
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I wouldn't do "Petrie Rockers" (Rollers? Rocker Rollers?) with lobes like that - seems kind of obvious it is better to try for a smooth circle.

"Petrie Rocker" -

View attachment 6820

I saw a variation of this recovered from funerary goods on a doco (but too long ago to provide any link), minus the peg holes, that looked like the curved edge had a deep groove, suitable for cord/rope to wrap around without being rolled over.

I've seen drawings of a variant that had neither peg holes or grooves, that I assumed to be based on archaeological evidence. Not one style but several?

View attachment 6821

The suggestion they could be use like that was rejected by others on the basis that (without holes or groove) there appeared no way to fix them to the blocks. Like (IMO) too many pyramid 'experts' they took their own inability to see simple solutions as proof there weren't any. I would've tried wrapping leather straps around them - on hard ground the narrower leather 'tyre' might have given less resistance, but the broader area would work better on soft ground.

That they were not commonly preserved may be just that they were so common and unremarkable - and taken away to use again. And I would note that the other suggested methods left little or no evidence, ie where are the rollers if that was what was used?
The round shape would be handy for transporting the stones. But Mr Hai's theory has the rockers being used to move the stones up the sides of the pyramid via a rack and pinion like method. Round would be inconvenient for that purpose.
 
Maybe I should pop along and have a look. But there is no mention of them on the internet apart from the various publications put out by our poster, which suggests they are not widely recognised as significant objects.
Only reference I've found is Mr Hai's posts and web pages through the years. But, as Ken Fabian said, it's possible no one understood their purpose and didn't consider them as relevant.

Interesting hypothesis. I've liked it since I first read it. And it still makes sense to me. Take pictures at the museum. And measurements if they'll let you. :)
 
It was a claim that came out in the 80's about building the pyramids with mortar and molds, not large stones. It all ended in handwaving, but it seems Olga is holding on to the claim for some reason.
I would think that it's fairly trivial to determine if they are cut stone or poured concrete.
 
The round shape would be handy for transporting the stones. But Mr Hai's theory has the rockers being used to move the stones up the sides of the pyramid via a rack and pinion like method. Round would be inconvenient for that purpose.
I don't know about rack and pinion but on an incline having lobes could give some resistance to rolling back, a resting position, like rolling an octagon. I had imagined chocks.

From the source linked by me, (another) possible method for raising the blocks -

1748303356376.png
 
I wouldn't do "Petrie Rockers" (Rollers? Rocker Rollers?) with lobes like that - seems kind of obvious it is better to try for a smooth circle.

"Petrie Rocker" -

View attachment 6820

I saw a variation of this recovered from funerary goods on a doco (but too long ago to provide any link), minus the peg holes, that looked like the curved edge had a deep groove, suitable for cord/rope to wrap around without being rolled over.

I've seen drawings of a variant that had neither peg holes or grooves, that I assumed to be based on archaeological evidence. Not one style but several?

View attachment 6821

The suggestion they could be use like that was rejected by others on the basis that (without holes or groove) there appeared no way to fix them to the blocks. Like (IMO) too many pyramid 'experts' they took their own inability to see simple solutions as proof there weren't any. I would've tried wrapping leather straps around them - on hard ground the narrower leather 'tyre' might have given less resistance, but the broader area would work better on soft ground.

That they were not commonly preserved may be just that they were so common and unremarkable - and taken away to use again. And I would note that the other suggested methods left little or no evidence, ie where are the rollers if that was what was used?
The problem with all these hypotheses seems to be the lack of evidence, either archaeological or documentary.

This "Petrie rocker", from what I can gather, is only about a foot long or something, and is therefore claimed, rather unconvincingly, to be a model of the lifesize object. Why would a model of a construction implement be put in somebody's grave?

Furthermore what about the peg holes? What function would they have served? The pictures I have seen online indicate a pair of these "rocker panels, linked by rods through the holes, to make what looks more like a rocker for a baby, or at least a toy version of that. The shape, not being a segment of a circle, also looks wrong for this hypothetical 4-lobed device.

There is archaeological evidence of ancient Egyptians from the period in question using ramps, with posts to loop ropes around, enabling steeper ramps than formerly thought possible. I posted a thread on that some years ago: https://www.sciforums.com/threads/construction-of-the-pyramids-ramps.161319/. That doesn't rule out this hypothesised 4-lobed device for hoisting blocks up the face of the pyramids of course, as the point of that is to deal with steps, which you don't have leading down into a stone quarry, which is where this ramp was found.
 
exchemist - Representations of things - models of something for display or symbolic stand-ins - aren't necessarily geometrically precise; anyone familiar with the objects will know what they are. Those who are not may have no idea. Why include them in funarary goods? Never any shortage of possible reasons they might - tools related to their jobs seems an obvious possibility to me.

The peg holes? I can speculate how they might be used for such a purpose, eg rather than using sets of 4 to make a circle it could be 8, making double wheels, pegs joining them, ie room between to run cords around. I would expect the woodworking to be advanced enough and the lashing together would help lock the pegs in. But then there were the other style of circle segment shape I saw in that long ago doco, with what looked like a groove around the circumference.

Of course it is speculation that such a method for rolling blocks of stone was used at all, but it seems a very effective method to me (and variants have been tried, demonstrating use of less workers compared to sleds). Compared to wagons - should not neglect that well proven method - or sleds or rollers or sliding over rails or canals to float them or etc?

The way I see it there are a wide range of possibilities and the people back then could be clever and innovative - and given the scales of these works, would be highly motivated to reduce the labour requirements by doing it smarter. We may never know... but I do think some methods, that are clearly doing it harder with more labour than necessary, can be rejected.
 
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I would note that I've come across still more suggested methods for moving and lifting blocks than the ones mentioned so far, such as levers, 4 or more to a side - lift and stack beams under them and when high enough, sliding across longer beams to the next level.
 
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