Kalâm cosmological argument
(Analysis from Stenger)
Theists claim that if it can be shown that the universe had a beginning, this is sufficient to demonstrate the existence of a Creator.
They cast this in terms of the Kalâm cosmological argument, which is drawn from Islamic theology. The argument is posed as a syllogism:
1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause.
2. The universe began to exist.
3. Therefore, the universe has a cause.
Now, still remember that the cause could very well be a natural one, or from a prior universe beginning anew, which are each fine, but our full disproof of the God Theity, even of a Deity, too, must, for completeness, show that there is not any cause at all for the beginning of the universe. Even if the universe is now cyclical, there is still this initial ‘beginning’ to discuss.
So, theists take the first premise to be self-evident, but, is it? No, not if we can show no cause is a valid way.
In fact, physical events at the atomic and subatomic level are observed to have no evident cause. For example, when an atom in an excited energy level drops to a lower level and emits a photon, a particle of light, we find no cause of that event. Similarly, no cause is evident in the decay of a radioactive nucleus.
Theists might retort that quantum events are still “caused,” just caused in a non-predetermined manner—what they call “probabilistic causality.” But, in effect, they are thereby admitting that the “cause” in the first premise could be an accidental one, something spontaneous—something not predetermined. By allowing probabilistic cause, they destroy their own case for a predetermined creation.
We do have a completely successful theory of probabilistic causes—quantum mechanics. It does not predict when a given event will occur and, indeed, this shows that individual microscopic events are not predetermined.
The exception theory occurred in the interpretation of quantum mechanics given by David Bohm, Einstein, and Bell that assumed the existence of yet undetected sub-quantum forces; however it was not accepted because it requires superluminal connections that violate the principles of special relativity. More importantly, no evidence for sub-quantum forces has been found.
Energetic particles come into and out of existence without cause. They are beyond the edge of the world of cause, that world being the classical world. There is uncertainty. The ‘certain’ is dead.
Instead of predicting individual events, quantum mechanics is used to predict the statistical distribution of outcomes of ensembles of similar events. This it can do with high precision. For example, a quantum calculation will tell you how many nuclei in a large sample will have decayed after a given time. Or you can predict the intensity of light from a group of excited atoms, which is a measure of the total number of photons emitted.
But neither quantum mechanics nor any other existing theory—including Bohm’s—can say anything about the behavior of an individual nucleus or atom.
The photons emitted in atomic transitions come into existence spontaneously, as do the particles emitted in nuclear radiation. By so appearing, without predetermination, they contradict the first premise (1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause.).
In the case of radioactivity, the decays are observed to follow an exponential decay “law.” However, this statistical law is exactly what you expect if the probability for decay in a given small time interval is the same for all time intervals of the same duration. In other words, the decay curve itself is evidence for each individual event occurring unpredictably and, by inference, without being predetermined.
Quantum mechanics and classical (Newtonian) mechanics are not as separate and distant from one another as is generally thought. Indeed, quantum mechanics changes smoothly into classical mechanics when the parameters of the system, such as masses, distances, and speeds approach the classical regime. When that happens, quantum probabilities collapse to either zero or 100 percent, which then gives us certainty at that level.
However, we have many examples where the probabilities are not zero or 100 percent. The quantum probability calculations agree precisely with the observations made on ensembles of similar events.
Note again, that, even if the Kalâm conclusion were sound, which it isn’t, and that the universe did had a cause, why could that cause itself not be natural? Still, without even this overkill, but just as it is, the Kalâm argument fails both empirically and theoretically without ever having to bring up its second premise about the universe even having a beginning.
Nevertheless, to really place the nail into the coffin of the Kalâm argument is provided by the fact that the second premise also fails (2. The universe began to exist.). The observations confirming the big bang do not rule out the possibility of a prior universe, for theoretical models have been published suggesting mechanisms by which our current universe appeared from a pre-existing one, for example, by a process called quantum tunneling or so-called “quantum fluctuations.” The equations of cosmology that describe the early universe apply equally for the other side of the time axis, so we have no reason to assume that the universe began with the big bang. Anyway, we have already seen that no miracle is evident in the big bang.
All is as it would be if there were no God.
In short, the data indicate that the universe did not come about by a purposeful creation. Based on our best current scientific knowledge, we must conclude, yet again, in yet another proof, one beyond any and all reasonable doubt that a God who is the highly intelligent and powerful supernatural creator of the physical universe does not exist. The quantum realm has saved the day, for quantum events happen without cause, even being random events at that.
Every time we try to measure what an atom does, we get a different answer. This then is the answer. It is causeless.