"So what? At one time it was believed that the Earth was flat, and this also did not raise questions for the majority."
Yes and the scientific community worked it was not flat.
"Incomprehensible entities, forces, fields, and other heaps,"
It is not incomprehensible to me, I measure light and reflectance data regularly and routinely as part of my job.
It is certainly not incomprehensible to the scientific community.
"The Universe is not the English Parliament."
What?
"One fundamental law is enough, from which all the others can be derived. The building must begin from the foundation, and not vice versa."
Not correct. Cosmology is empirical, it is built on data, if the law is not describing the data, the law, equations, theory, hypothesis is wrong.
Einstein thought his equation had a flaw so he put a factor in to fix it. He did not think the universe was expanding, the data said otherwise, he was wrong.