SetiAlpha6:
On what Scientific Naturalism basis alone would anyone be able to choose between Humanism and Hedonism?
That's an interesting question. It really comes down to a question of what we, as human beings, value. For example, if we decide that the greatest good for the greatest number is what we value, we end up with utilitarianism, which has already been mentioned above. But it is always open for somebody to ask "But is the greatest good for the greatest number
really (or
always) a good thing?"
If we decided that we value individual happiness above all else, then we might find ourselves following a moral system based on hedonism.
Which one is right? And on what scientific basis?
Ultimately, deciding which is right will always come back, sooner or later, to a question about what is ultimately valued.
Some very general ideas have been put forward on what should be valued. For instance, there is the suggestion that we should act in such a way that human flourishing is promoted. Built into that idea are lots of ideas about what is required for human beings to flourish, and what flourishing means in the first place. These include ideas such as being free to reach one's own potential, being in an environment that is rich in terms of other flourishing human beings and natural variety, being able to live without fear of persecution or oppression from others, having one's needs met, etc. etc. If we start from the position where we can agree that human flourishing is something worthy to aim at, then it follows that some ways of being will be found to be superior to others, in terms of doing our best to achieve the goal. The science comes in when we examine the impacts of various ways of being on human flourishing (or its opposite). We can, in many cases, quantify the effects of different kinds of action.
On what Scientific Naturalism basis is Nazism wrong or evil?
Let's assume that human flourishing, as discussed, is a good idea. Then it almost immediately follows that killing 6 million people on account of a racist ideology is not conducive to the goal.
Now, at this point, you're still free to raise the question "Yes, but
is killing 6 million people
really a bad thing?" If the response is "Human flourishing is good" you can ask "But
why is that good? Who says mass murder isn't good?" As you can see, it will come back to what we think is valuable.
There are lots of good tests to try to decide what to value. One that I really like is John Rawls' suggestion that you consider yourself in the position where a dice will be thrown and you will be assigned certain characteristics as a human being about to live a life, at random. If there are some random outcomes that you - or people in general - would
not tend to choose for themselves, then we need to ask what it is about those outcomes that is problematic.
For example, suppose that a coin is to be flipped to decide if you will be born a Jew or an "Aryan" in Nazi Germany. Given what we known about Nazi methods, few people would choose to be born a Jew in those circumstances. What is wrong with being born Jewish in those circumstances? You're likely to persecuted, even murdered, by the state. Rawls would conclude that Nazi policies that arbitrarily kill Jews are morally wrong, because nobody would freely choose to live in a society in which they would most likely be arbitrarily killed.
On what Scientific Naturalism basis is Christianity wrong or evil?
The same tests would apply.
Now, a better question for you to ask would be: why is Christian morality superior to the secular kind of morality I just described?
I'm guessing your answer would be that Christian morality is based on God's Absolute Laws. God is all-knowing and all-wise and so we must obey His Laws of morality.
The first thing to note about this is that you're
still making a value judgment about what is good. You're just deciding for yourself that "Following God's laws" is what humans ought to value above all else. It's just an alternative value decision you're making, not inherently better or worse that the one I suggested about human flourishing. Also, I note that it is
still open to anybody to ask "Yes, but is following God's laws
really good?", so in that sense this value decision is no better than the alternatives.
The second thing to note is that Gods Laws, which you have decided to value above all else, are
either arbitrary (i.e. decided by God on a whim)
or based on some higher principle that God is aware of. If God's laws are arbitrary, then there's no
a priori reason to think we should value them. If, on the other hand, they are based on some higher principle - e.g. that they tend to promote human flourishing - then there's no reason to follow
God. We'd be better off following the higher principle in the first place and cut out the middle man.