The Army has acknowledged that between 1949 and 1969, 239 populated areas from coast to coast were blanketed with various organisms during tests designed to measure patterns of dissemination in the air, weather effects, dosages, optimum placement of the source and other factors. Testing over such areas was supposedly suspended after 1969, but there is no way to be certain of this. In any event, open air spraying continued at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah.

Following is a small sample of the tests carried out in the 1949-69 period:


Watertown, N.Y. area and Virgin Islands

1950:
The Army used aircraft and homing pigeons to drop turkey feathers dusted with cereal rust spores to contaminate oat crops, to prove that a "cereal rust epidemic" could be spread as a biological warfare weapon.


San Francisco Bay Area

September 20-27, 1950:
Six experimental biological warfare attacks by the US Army from a ship, using Bacillus globigii and Serratia marcescens, at one point forming a cloud about two miles long as the ship traveled slowly along the shoreline of the bay.

One of the stated objectives of the exercise was to study "the offensive possibilities of attacking a seaport city with a BW [biological warfare] aerosol" from offshore.

Beginning on September 29, patients at Stanford University's hospital in San Francisco were found to be infected by Serratia marcescens. This type of infection had never before been reported at the hospital. Eleven patients became infected, and one died.

According to a report submitted to a Senate committee by a professor of microbiology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook: "an increase in the number of Serratia marcescens can cause disea 2000 se in a healthy person and...serious disease in sick people."

Between 1954 and 1967, other tests were carried out in the Bay Area, including some with a base of operations at Fort Cronkhite in Marin County.


Minneapolis

1953:
61 releases of zinc cadmium sulfide in four sections of the city, involving massive exposure of people at home and children in school.

The substance was later described by the EPA as "potentially hazardous because of its cadmium content", and a former Army scientist, writing in the professional journal Atmosphere Environment, in 1972, said that cadmium compounds, including zinc cadmium sulfide, are "highly toxic and the use of them in open atmospheric experiments presents a human health hazard". He stated that the symptoms produced by exposure to zinc cadmium sulfide include lung damage, acute kidney inflammation and fatty degeneration of the liver.


St. Louis

1953:
35 releases of zinc cadmium sulfide over residential, commercial and downtown areas, including the Medical Arts Building, which presumably contained a number of sick people whose illnesses could be aggravated by inhaling toxic particles.


Washington, DC area

1953:
Aerial spraying from a height of 75 feet of zinc cadmium sulfate combined with lycopodium spores. The areas sprayed included the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland and Leesburg, Virginia, 30 miles from the capital.

In 1969, the Army conducted 115 open-air tests of zinc cadmium sulfate near Cambridge, Maryland.

Earlier in the 1960s, the Army covertly disseminated a large number of bacteria in Washington's National Airport to evaluate how easy it would be for an enemy agent to scatter smallpox through the entire country by infecting air travelers.

The bacterium used, Bacillus subtilis, is potentially harmful to the infirm and the elderly, whose immune system is impaired, and to those with cancer, heart disease or a host of other ailments, according to a professor of microbiology at the Georgetown University Medical Center. A similar experiment was carried out at the Washington Greyhound bus terminal.

Sometime during Richard Nixon's time in office (apparently 1969), the Army "assassinated" him with germs via the White House air conditioning system.

And at a building used by the Food and Drug Administration, the Army surreptitiously placed a (supposedly harmless) colored dye into the water system. Whether anyone suffered harm from drinking a certain quantity of that water is not known.


Florida

1955:
The CIA conducted at least one open-air test with whooping-cough bacteria around the Tampa Bay area. The number of whooping cough cases recorded in Florida jumped from 339 and one death in 1954 to 1,080 and 12 deaths in 1955. The Tampa Bay area was one of three places that showed a sharp increase in 1955.


Savannah, Georgia and Avon Park, Florida

1956-58:
The Army, wishing to test "the practicality of employing Aedes aegypti mosquitos to carry a BW agent", released over wide areas hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of this mosquito, which can be a carrier of yellow fever and dengue fever, both highly dangerous diseases. The Army stated that the mosquitos were uninfected, but prominent scientists said that, for several reasons, the experiment was not without risk, and was a "terrible idea". The actual effects upon the targeted population will probably never be known.


New York City

Feb. 11-15, 1956:
A CIA-Army team sprayed New York streets and the Holland and Lincoln tunnels, using trick suitcases and a car with a dual muffler.

June 6-10, 1966:
The army report of this test was called "A Study of the Vulnerability of Subway Passengers in New York City to Covert Attack with Biological Agents". Trillions of Bacillus subtilis variant niger were released into the subway system during rush hours.

One method was to use light bulbs filled with the bacteria; these were unobtrusively shattered at sidewalk level on subway ventilating grills or tossed onto the roadbeds inside the stations. Aerosol clouds were momentarily visible after a release of bacteria from the light bulbs. The report noted that "When the cloud engulfed people, they brushed their clothing, looked up at the grating apron and walked on."

The wind of passing trains spread the bacteria along the tracks; in the time it took for two trains to pass, the bacteria were spread from 15th Street to 58th Street. It will never be known how many people later became ill from being unsuspecting guinea pigs, for the United States Army exhibited not the slightest interest in this question.


Chicago

1960s:
The Chicago subway system was the scene of a similar Army experiment.


Stockyards

November 1964 to January 1965:
The Army conducted aerosol tests over stockyards in Texas, Missouri, Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa and Nebraska, using "anti-animal non-biological simulants". It's not clear why stockyards were chosen, or what effect this might have had upon the meat consumed by the public.

Dude, don't knock armies testing chemicals. That's what gave us LSD!!!!

oh and syphilis to the colored folks

anyway i rather remain self-servingly silent on this
besides we were young and innocent then
you compare the us to a terrorist group?

</BODY></HTML><HTML><HEAD><meta HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"></HEAD><BODY>All of this was after the army bombed 広島 and 長崎 (herosimu and negasky according to our very own Asguard) which was obviously an act of terrorism. It was obvious that the Japanese army was about to surrender.

Not only that, but they were attacks on large civilian cities when there were many government or military facilities they could've nuked instead. The reason they did it: to instill terror in the hearts of every Soviet. Thus, terrorism.'

That means that the US is a terrorist group.

Plus, the Quaeda tested on a few dogs one chemical agent, while the army and cia tested on millions of humans many chemical and biological agents.

Gee, I wonder which sounds worse... which country has dropped atomic bombs? US. Has the Quaeda nuked anybody? No. In that case, instead of killing Iraq we should commit suicide, our reasoning is stranger than Saddam's. He had reason to invade Kuwait (although it may not have been good): economic gain. The same reason the US invaded Hawai'i. Saddam had a reason for gassing Kurds as well (by the way, Iraq is the ONLY country where Kurds are allowed self-rule: Turkey is particularly bad about this, Syria isn't very good at all; in Turkey hundreds of Kurds have been jailed or executed for no reason) he believed they were traitors in the Iran-Iraq war (or at least the Kurds from the places he gassed). That would make sense, too, as at the time many Kurds felt more loyal to Iran than to Iraq, as Iranians are more similar to them in language and culture than are Arabs.

Also, the US is as much a danger to the world as the Quaeda is to the US. Nobody knows what they will do next, nobody knows if they are developing any sort of advanced technology we haven't heard of yet. In fact, chances are they already have developed something like that, maybe a bomb that could disintigrate something 5 times the area of a large city? And people like strgrl and others can't say they haven't, these people aren't keyed in on top-secret military operations.

Trusting your government 100% is silly. For all you know, Bush could be preparing to drop a nuke on your city. Chances are he isn't, but it's a lot more possible than you believe because you believe that America can do no wrong, Bush is perfect, the government is perfect, we are 100% free, freedom = democracy, we are 100% democratic, etc.

And Tyler-- yes, they gave us LSD, and at the same time they gave brain damage to thousands.

OK YOU!!! WHOEVER IS EDITING MY POSTS, LEAVE THEM FUCKING ALONE, THE ADDED HEADER IS SO THAT UNICODE TEXT DISPLAYS PROPERLY, IT WON'T HARM YOUR FUCKING FORUMS SO LEAVE MY FUCKING POSTS ALONE.

The people in the military aren't getting any smarter but the technology they get to use is advancing rapidly and is already far more advanced that the military should be allowed to use. The smartest people in society go to work for businesses that will pay them a lot of money and the military has to recruit from people of an intelligence level that aren't capable of making the proper judgemental decisions of what to go to war over or what weapons to use when they do. A case in point is after 9-11 when those clowns in the defense department theatened to use nuclear weapons. All those examples that you gave about their testing poisons on their own citizens is indication that they don't even care about their own citizens. They're locked away in their own little world playing war games, completely divorced from the society that they're supposed to be protecting.

"Gee, I wonder which sounds worse... which country has dropped atomic bombs? US. Has the Quaeda nuked anybody? "

only because they dont have any
do you seriously think if they have nukes, it is not going to be used? what do they have to lose? will us go to every country that has al quaeda cells and retaliate in kind?

actually after reading macneil's post. they just might

as for japan, were there not some 100,000 odd pow that were slated for execution if allied forces invaded japan

whats the mystic surrounding atomics? death is death
dresden was far worse and no one seems to be too disturbed about that

spookz, you IDIOT!!! I didn't say an invasion of Japan, I said an atomic attack on military fucking targets instead of innocent civilians. (at the time, nobody in the US cared if the gov't killed thousands of "damn japs")

It does not take much thought to realize that the Jap military were not going to surrender until they got a deal that left them in power.Using the Emperor as the excuse,so really USA did the right thing,getting the military out of power for good!

easy now kiddo, it's kinda lame to get bent outta shape over this!


spookz
"as for japan, were there not some 100,000 odd pow that were slated for execution if allied forces invaded japan?"

look, there were 2 alternatives to win the war, nuke or invade.
if assuming you want to win the war, to reject one is to embrace the other.
my understanding of your position is that you were against the first.
why assume targeting military sites would"nt compromise civilians?

current rules of engagement

i think civilians can be legitimate targets in war!

"If we reasoned better about war, there could be less of it. An example of bad reasoning is the conventional premise that an adversary who targets innocent civilians is too evil to be worthy of a hearing and a negotiated peace. The goal of less war and less terrorism would be helped by reasoning about what causes terrorists to become terrorists, what their goals are, and whether their goals could fit into a mutually beneficial peace settlement.

This essay will make four points about the killing of innocent civilians:

One, the conventional belief that civilians in a democracy are innocent is false.

Two, the rule of war that civilians are not to be targets of military violence is inconsistent.

Three, the rule of war that civilians are not to be targets of military violence is counterproductive.

Four, this inconsistent rule of war is counterproductive because it is used to demonize the enemy and increase the emotions for war.

One, it is false that civilians in a democracy are innocent. Civilians in a democracy are responsible citizens. Citizens of the United States vote for, and pay for having some citizens be soldiers for them. U.S. citizens are the employers of soldiers, and it is not logical that the employers are more innocent than their employees.

Two, the rule of keeping civilians off limits as targets is inconsistently applied. Remember all the civilians targeted in World War II. The past and present power of big bombs is not based on the ability of these bombs to avoid killing civilians. The United States' mightiest weapons have their power and value based on their ability to kill more than just enemy soldiers. If civilians could not be targets, then the U.S.'s mightiest weapons should not be built or maintained. When the U.S. justifies its own creation of such weapons, it is not consistent for the U.S. to say that its adversaries are extra evil when they use their weaker weapons on civilians.

Three, the ideal of having civilians not be targets is counterproductive. It is counterproductive because it makes war feel more civil. The goal of reasoning about war is not to make war seem more civil because the killing is targeted only at soldiers. The killing of soldiers is not less evil than the killing of civilians, and the killing of civilians is not more evil than the killing of soldiers. One emotion behind this faulty reasoning is that civilians understandably identify closer with killed civilians than killed soldiers. If civilians had to spend as much time in harms way as soldiers, they would raise the threshold for deciding to send them into harms way. The goal is to make all the killing less civil and equally evil. It is a higher goal to keep anybody from being killed than having only soldiers be killed.

Four, the faulty rule against targeting civilians is counterproductive when it is used to demonize the enemy. The purpose of demonizing is to increase the emotions for war (putting soldiers in harms way) rather than seek a mutually beneficial peace settlement. Negotiating with terrorists for peace is a more reasonable way of reducing further killing than demonizing them. I am hopeful that once the killing of civilians is understood as only being just as evil as the killing of soldiers, then we will be able to open our minds to seek a peaceful settlement of a violent conflict with a terrorist." Clark Rieke

this guy talks about civilians in a democracy
i prefer to implicate civilians in any form of government!
once war has been declared (officially or not), thats what it is; war, not terrorism!

9/11 terrorism or legitimate act of war?

I have no reason to mislead you, so believe me when I tell you that my sister was killed by a radioactive Army experiment. When she finally died 22 years later her entire digestive system had been removed starting with a colostomy and ending with her stomach.
ATP drips kept her alive until she died 7 years ago.

We've seen some of that in Australia due to British and US nuclear weapons tests here. They had army personel stand out in the desert during nuclear weapon tests, to see what would happen to them. Not nice at all.

my grandfather spent the last years of his life in agony because of the canser spreading throughout his whole body due to radation posioning in japan

he was an Australian medic with the Australian Army (not sure on his unit)