Energy Conditions and Micro Black Holes

(I apologize for the other post on the possible creation of black holes. I wrote this a week back before you posted that. The difference is i have catalogued the differential energies required for unification)

A Look Into Possible Energy Conditions
And Micro-Black Hole Particles


In phenomenological order, the strengths of the known forces against their interactive properties are given in order of strength. The Strongest force is namely the Strong Force and this force only interact with Hadrons. The second most powerful force is electromagnetism, which is only interactable with charged hadrons and leptons. Then there is the weak nuclear force, which interacts with all families of particles, and is responsible for unifying conversional factors via decay, and then gravity, which is mysteriously weakest by far. The Strong Force brings together all of matter as we known it. It compresses the nuclei of atoms together, and it is mediated by quarks which when join together, give off superfluous energy that is a rather large quantity of gluon energy. This energy binds all subatomic particles together. The electromagnetic force can be static and non-static.

A static field allows an electromagnetically-homogenous field around two objects. The classic experiment showing this was having a balloon rubbed against another surface that has a high electrical charge, such as the tip ends of hair, they would ‘’attach’’ and remain combined through the static field. But in fundamental terms, the electron and photon mediate the electromagnetic field. There is even a theory which states that the electron is massless and could therefore be the first element to be born from a photon. This is found through Dirac’s Equation and the formulization of the Dirac Sea. And the weak force is responsible for allowing a photon decay into an electron. But gravity seems to be so very weak, it’s quite strange. And even though gravity is so very weak, it has something the weak and strong nuclear forces do not have – and that is a long-range. Electromagnetism also has a long range.

There have been solutions proposed for why gravity is very weak. One theory states that gravity was infinitely strong at a finite time t=0 ~ which is of course defined as a state of infinite density. The result of an infinite density would defy the Uncertainty Principle ∆P → h/(2∆x), then the result would be that the infinity of density would not remain, so expansion is what initially caused any type of momentum.

The Uncertainty Principle says that the products of uncertainty in momentum and distance if shown by the h-bar order. The uncertainty in momentum given through p=mc and the uncertainty in distance of a thing is x=ct. The momentum and distance is then given as p=(mc).(ct)=x. Professor Zee has proposed that the product of energy and time equaling h-bar, is widely used for the relationship between particle energy and lifetime.
The maximal range of the particle is equal to its lifetime multiplied by its velocity, which is usually quite close to the value of ‘’c’’. He states the following math:

x = h-bar /p = hbar /(mc) = h-bar*c/E
So
E = h-bar*c/x
When using the proper definition of energy as force times distance,
(E = Fx):
F = E/x = (hbar*c/x)/x
= hbar*c/x2

This is what describes the electromagnetic force between the cores of two fundemental charges. This can be linked to Coulomb’s Law, since this invites the famous Inverse Square Law. In fact, the electron is said to be an inverse square manifestation, it shows the incontrovertible force at large distances and Prof Zee is able to tell us how much shielding of bare core charges there is in a system between the Vacuum and the IR and UV cutoffs. It is able to provide a proof that the renormalization of the charge of the electron is due to shielding by a factor of (a).

In the 1920’s, quantum mechanics worked well with molecules and atoms… this was because they had a finite number of degrees of freedom. However, whenever we worked with the electromagnetic force, all that was result was erroneous calculations, because the electromagnetic field was infinite within its own degrees of freedom; in other words, two degrees of freedom in any point in spacetime. We envision these points as being oscillators, each with its own position and momentum.

It turned out that the oscillators could never be at rest because that would defy the Uncertainty Principle… Instead, the oscillators where assigned with zero-point fluctuations and even a non-zero energy! Whenever the little electron [wasn’t] being observed, the energies of all the infinite degrees of freedom would make the little bugger’s mass and charge to become infinite…

This was settled eventually in the late 1940’s with a simple procedure called ‘Renormalization.’ It in simple extracted large numbers by subtracting them with other large numbers; infinities minus infinities. But the main goal was to leave a finite sum – a non-zero remainder. Then we had to learn that mass is ‘’given mass’’ and energy ‘’has an Energy’’.

The Higgs Boson is a hypothetical particle thought to give matter the actual substance of mass. It is a massive Scalar Elementary Particle, and was predicted by Peter Higgs in 1964.
It is the only particle that has caused major controversy in the Standard Model, as of YET, it has not been found. But it turns out that the LEP Collider might have found evidence for it, which is still inconclusive. It explains why bosons like the energy particle of electromagnetism, the photon, should be massless, and why weak bosons, the W and Z bosons are critical to the electromagnetic force.

The Higgs Mechanism is a physical field, accompanied by its own Higgs Boson. Even the field itself provides the Higgs with mass! In empty space, it turns out that the Higgs forms a non-zero value, which is said to permeate all locations in the universe simultaneously. This is so that the field can reach every particle, despite the distance. The non-zero value, which is found to be something like 246GeV, predicted by the Vacuum
Expectation Value or (VEV), is what provides all matter with mass. The Higgs is predicted to then have a mass about 1TeV, and an upper limit of 5TeV. It is thought to come from the shell decays of W and Z massless electroweak Bosons.

The Vacuum Expectation Value, which has also been referred to as the Condensate Vacuum, is the expected operator value of the Vacuum, given by <0>. The Casmir Effect, which is an electromagnetic fluctuation between two plates in the vacuum, is a perfect example of the expectation value given by the Operators. Its implements are pivotal for physics, as it is important in spontaneous symmetry breaking.

There are many examples, including Gluon-Condensates that are responsible for Quantum Chromodynamics, which is itself a renormalization process of the electrostrong force, and may also provide hadrons with mass. In the standard model, the Higgs Field is accompanied by two charged and two neutral components. These two field components that are charged and one of the neutral are given by the Goldstone Bosons, which are Pseudo-Particles. Goldstone Bosons are massless bosons, which appear in spontaneous symmetry breaking, and are also predicted by like Condensate Fields. It appears that these particles are only massless if spontaneous breaking of symmetry is not broken. In other words, it is a very delicate process. Any slight change and they become to have mass.

They are very light particles, moving at very high speeds. The idea for these particles, was first hypothesized by Jeffrey Goldstone, and he postulated that there was [one] Goldstone Boson, to every broken symmetry to their component generators.

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking is found to be relevant to the energy being produced. In example, the theory shows that at high enough energies, about 15GeV, the strong force is unified with electromagnetic and weak forces. At these high energies, the coupling constant of QCD, is found to decrease to nearly zero at these energies. The phenomena is called ‘’Asymptotic Freedom.’’ It means that quarks act much like free particles in high-energy collisions inside of a Hadron. Then they are said to ‘’perturbate.’’

At low energies, the Coupling Constant becomes very high, and now perturbation is said to break down, and explains why quarks can couple into groups of two’s and three’s. The energy at low enough temperatures, find to be consequent to a phenomena of spontaneous symmetry breaking. The best example we have of this, is matter-antimatter production early on in the universe. There is about one antiparticle to every 10^8 photons in the universe.

It seems that we are now devising new ways to test our theories with greater accuracies. We know that at different strengths the forces unify. But we must take a few aspects into consider just to highlight how weird all this stuff of energy and forces are. It is known that at low enough energies, the Coupling Constant of the strong nuclear force which is said to have a charge of alpha = 1, which is about 137 times the Coulomb law, but it inexorably falls to 0.35 at a collision energy of 2 GeV, 0.2 at 7 GeV, and 0.1 at 200 GeV. So the strong force decreases in strength as you go into higher energy collisions, while the electromagnetic force increases!

2.

There is in fact some speculation that certain energy states from t=0 left a loosely coupled, or very diluted sea of primordial black holes. One type predicted by relativity that really stands out, is massive black holes that where created very early on due to the extremely powerful gravitational forces of the singularity. Then there are subatomic extremal primordial black holes, which take on the appearance of particles directly like an electron.

One problem with this idea of subatomic black holes existing, is that they should still ‘’excite’’ among the presence of other energy particles. They would become excited, and gain mass, under special conditions that they do not electroradiate any entropic processes.
Black Holes have no upper limit. They can be as big as nature wishes. But the smallest black hole must be in accordance with the Planck Mass given as:

(hc/2piG) ½

Where h is Planck's Constant, c is the speed of light and G is the Gravitational Constant. Mini black holes seem to be the best chance for scientists. There is simply no way we could create a minimum sized hole with a mass of about 22 micrograms because we would need about 10^16 TeV just to produce it, which is many magnitudes higher than we can produce today. A mini black hole would have a radius of about 2 x 10^-19m – very small – with a very large temperature of 1.5 x 10^14 K, or about 25 billion times hotter than the Sun! Even the next future generators cooling down bosons into superfluidic states might be the next black hole factory making machines. This is because supercooled bosons become very dense… and in theory, you could form a black holes if you could reach a certain temperature. Maybe it might even be the LHC.

In the end, we are trying to reach temperatures that unify all of matter. If gravity becomes strong at 1TeV, then there is no reason why it shouldn’t be stronger at larger levels. I’ve always thought that something was to be seen between the strong force and the gravitational force. The strong force brings things together, and so does the gravitational force.
Like most particles, they contain a charge; either a positive charge or a negative charge, and as most people learn in their physics education, charges repel (+ +, or - -), and unlike charges attract (+ -). The strong force brings together like particles who are attracted to the given value at the time. We measure the strong force by giving it a value of 1, and has a range of 10^-15, which is the diameter of a nucleus. It has a mass that equals zero and a spin that equals 1. The electromagnetic force has a value of 1/357 and has a range that is infinite, which also has a mass of zero and a spin of 1. This is what governs the electron to possess a superfluous amount of energy that is infinite whenever it was being observed. The weak force has a strength of 10^-6m and range that is 10^-18m, which is approx 0.1 of the diameter of a proton. The mass of the weak force is between 10GeV and 100GeV; some think 80GeV and has a spin of 1. And Gravity, the weakest of all four forces, has a spin of 2, and has a strength of 6 x 10^-44, and has a range, provided by Newton’s constant G that is infinite.

3.

The strong force can be a second-condition of two things. Against relativity we might be able to find conditions that describe relative speed in terms of strong and weak nuclear interactions. There is I think really good reason to see gravity as the first-condition of the strong force, and electro-weak forces being back-reactions to the gravitostrong. The strong force might be very small as 10^-15, which is the diameter of a nucleus, may still be just a spatially-limited shadow of a lower energetic state which we call gravity, working on infinite scales.

One provident explanation for the stability of a structure-less object like an electron that nevertheless has a mass and acts as though it spins, it would take proposition at E>M(Planck), we should be able to assume enough energy to allow a black hole. It turns out, that gravity might become strong at about 1 TeV, and thus theory suggests that M(Planck) or 2 × 10−8 kg or 1.1 × 10^19 GeV/c2 might also be of the same magnitude, which is reasonably small. If 1 TeV is the limit, then we might be able to have primordial subatomic particles with a mass of something like 5 TeV.

Other scientists have asked the question of how Hawking Radiation is able to escape the strong spacetime curvature produced by the black hole, without the radiation simply falling back into the black hole. This has also been used as an explanation to why a particle like an electron, being a micro-black hole also being stable. But why they wouldn’t expand can only be reduced to what I define as the electrostatic propulsion, but even that need Pauli’s Exclusionary Principle to allow the particles to allow a repulsion in energy against each other -E__0 (h/cm)^2, but they also define form.

The exclusion principle states that a hand touching a mirror will not pass through a mirror, because all of those tiny electrons weaving to and fro the nuclei of atoms begin to push both objects: Obviously being the hand and the mirror away from each other. The force against my body to the entire earth is nearly 10^66 in terms next to the force of how strong electromagnetism is to gravity being 10^44 times larger.

Either way, relativity predicts their existences both of large category and small: We could possibly living in a world where we are already observing black holes on extremely small levels. The electrons wavelength would be smaller than the Compton wavelength, given as:

Lambda= hm/c = 2 π * hbar/mc

It is bound by the equation of the Uncertainty Principle, by defining any quantity given as P or V, momentum and velocity are found to be complimentary, given by Bohr’s extension of the Uncertainty Principle called the ‘’Principle of Complimentarity.’’ It can be explained in very lamen forms.

One way to envision the law of Complimentarity, is by finding a deck of cards spread out; all fifty-two cards… and you are asked to pick out one. In doing so, once a resolution is made upon any single state will be complimentary next to the full picture. Upon measuring one of the cards, the rest of the cards are disregarded until we measure the state of another card. This has been considered since 1927 as being the ultimate connection to the Uncertainty Principle and macroscopic systems unable to observe all the quantum possibilities.

4.

I think since relativity predicts an infinite curvature in spacetime, black holes have brilliant merit. The production of the high energy collisions set to come soon from the LHC, which will use enough energy in one session to power a million homes, will definately find something new. Perhaps not exciting.

It might be the illusive Higgs, or perhaps even a monopole at temperatures not predicted by quantum theory; and of course the stranglets and perhaps some types of dark matter. It would be good though if we found the presence of dark matter. Axions would help in momentous ways.

But if black holes are created, then we have a new problem, because nothing dangerous is predicted by the presence of any other type of element that can be created -- which begs the question to what types of elements there really are, and if we have missed the existence of any. Problem(s) are as follows:

1. Nothing experimental can back up any ''safety'' assurances.

2. We nothing about Hawking Radiation, and whether a black hole does indeed radiate away its mass.

3. These are powers that haven't been seen since big bang. The trouble is that we are working in area's beyond any power to stop if anything terrible happens... and i don't mean a simple mathematical mistake in any magnetic plates.

Ref.

G. 't Hooft, The black hole interpretation of string theory Nuclear Physics B, 335 (1990) 138-154.

Prof. Fred A. Wolf, ‘Parallel Universes; the search for other worlds’’ – 1985

• Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory (1999)

• John A. Wheeler, Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam (1998)

G. 't Hooft, The black hole interpretation of string theory Nuclear Physics B, 335 (1990) 138-154

Prof. Fred A. Wolf Dr. Quantums Little Book of Big Idea’s 2005 and Mind into Matter, A New Alchemy of Science and Spirit 2000

 

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No doubt if anyone challenged you to show you know anything about renormalisation or spontaneous symmetry breaking beyond what you learn on Wikipedia, you'd refuse.

Funny how I explained SSB on PhysOrg and you accused me of spouting string theory rhetoric. So much for you understanding this stuff...

And yes, I'd not be having a go at you if you stopped pretending you understand this stuff when it's plain to those of us who do that you don't. You're just trying to fool passers by that you're well read.

You fail.

As an example, the strong force doesn't unify with the electroweak at 15GeV. That's even below the electromagnetic/weak unification energy! Spontaneous symmetry breaking relates to the electroweak sector and how the 4 bosons in it split into the photon and the W/Zs. The running couplings of all the forces isn't related to the SSB directly and the evidence for asymptotic freedom of the strong force is not evidence there's a force unification.

The GUT scale is where the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces properly unify. It's at \(10^{16}\) GeV. Just slightly higher than 15 GeV.

Do you have such a boring existence you feel the need to waste it writing this BS?

 

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Yes AN... just drop in and fly a few digs. And you say you came here for the science??? I apologize, it's so silly of me, but it seems like you hang around me like a fly round shit.

Afterall, this work is sound. What thrill do you get spouting shit like this??? Mmmm??

 

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I know 4 bosons are required: WHAT IS YOUR POINT?

W and Z bosons... what's wrong with that terminology? And that very small value you have presented off my own, is remedial at bloody best.

 

But so that there are no confusion, i have often spoke about the W boson (as in a singular sect) even though i eventually mean two types of W bosons, as i have said in the past:

''Decay processes required the existence of two other types of gauge bosons: W and Z bosons, and they, alongside the photon boson work the weak force unification. The W and Z bosons are about 100 times larger than the proton, and are called heavy-weight particles. However, unlike the photon, the W and Z bosons have a mass and is explained by the Higgs Mechanism. This again can be done away with. Instead of the Higgs Mechanism and Higgs Boson, if we say that the W and Z bosons have inertia, since they have a mass, we can also say that the ZPF gives them their innate physical properties.

In a Higgs Mechanism, at very high energies, there was four identical massless bosons and a scalar Higgs Field. But as temperatures decreased, there happened a phenomenon called ‘’spontaneous symmetry breaking,’’ by the so-called Higgs Mechanism. It’s created three massless Goldstone Bosons that are inexorably absorbed or eaten by three photon fields, giving the bosons mass. It is supposed to be the best idea formulated to explain why photons have are massless, whilst other particles are not. The fields as you might have guessed, became the W and Z bosons, whilst the fourth (since the W boson comes in flavor + and -), was the photon – the primal particle.''

So it might appear confusing, but this is essentially what i mean.

 

In fact, this is how remedial you are: I just checked up on Dr. Hawkings book, Black Holes and Baby Universes, and he says the value is 10^15GeV -- so again, you calculation shown borders on pure remedial stupidity.

 

ACtually, AN is correct and I think Hawking is wrong. The GUT scale is typically taken to be 10^16 GeV. (Trust me. My advisor more or less invented GUTs.) I don't know where Hawking gets this number, but I don't think any sane physicist who actually works in the field (unlike Hawking, who works in another field) takes the GUT scale as 10^15.

If you mean the mass of the boson, then it is most certainly 80 GeV for W's and about 90 GeV for Z's. I think you must have read this 10 GeV to 100 GeV figure in a book that is thirty years old.

Please ensure that your work is factually correct before posting here.

I'm going to lock this thread, and if you want to correct some of the mistakes, we can reopen it. Otherwise it will stay locked.