Video of the motion of negative mass or dark matter I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English. I make simulation video of the negative mass. Negative mass(energy) can explain the dark energy and dark matter. It is explain that Almost uniformly distribution of the dark matter, Non-observation of the star and galaxy consists of dark matter, Dark matter clumping around galaxy, Rotation curve of the galaxy -Centripetal force effect, Low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, Collision of Bullet Cluster, Non-observation of dark matter at the Earth and Solar system (Xenon100, CDMS II…) Nonbaryonic dark matter condition, Observed value of the dark energy(10^(-47)GeV^4), Repulsive force needed for accelerating expansion, It is show that result of original field equation(Λ=0) of general relativity is right. Motion of the negative mass or dark matter -1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlDl9w8ariI Motion of the negative mass or dark matter -2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zEq6vIZsFI Have a nice day! ======= Hypothesis of dark matter and dark energy with negative mass : http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
Negative mass is stable at the maximum point! I’m sorry. I can’t English well. My native language is not English. We studied for the negative energy state does not existed at the Classical Mechanics, Modern physics and Quantum Mechanics Please read to the below explain. And then, please think about the means of that negative mass has a harmonic oscillation at the maximum point. ---------- II-3. Negative mass is stable at the maximum point! therefore the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens Nature prefers stable state, and has the tendency to go to stable state. Additionally, this can be expressed in another way that nature prefers low energy state, and has the tendency to go to low energy state. Such an idea is frequently used as a logic which denies the existence of negative mass. That is, if there is negative mass and negative energy level, negative mass spontaneously emits energy to be stable, and goes to energy state of minus infinity, so finally it is confronted by catastrophe. In case of positive mass, stable state means low energy state, therefore it is not necessary to divide which one nature prefers among two states(stable state and low energy state). By the way, does stable state mean low energy state also in case of negative mass? Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! In the negative mass, F= - ∇U, F= - ma (m>0), a = - F/m As examined in the question of Harmonic oscillation, in case of positive mass, a point of minimum value which energy is the lowest is stable. However, in case of negative mass, stable equilibrium is a point of maximum value, not a point of minimum value. So negative mass is toward a point of maximum value to be stable, not a point of minimum value which energy is low. In the world of positive mass, ground state is a point that energy is low, but in case of negative mass, ground state is a point that energy is the highest. Accordingly, in the world of negative mass, energy level is filled from the highest to the lowest, and stable state means the highest energy state, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens. ----------------- Negative mass(energy) originated from relativistic energy eq. E^2 = (pc)^2 + (m0c^2)^2 E = ± root( (pc)^2 + (m0c^2)^2) So, E = - root( (pc)^2 + (m0c^2)^2) = - mc^2 It is a solution also. However, In the classical mechanics, modern physics, quantum mechanics, We thought that "Nature prefers stable state, and has the tendency to go to stable state. Additionally, this can be expressed in another way that nature prefers low energy state, and has the tendency to go to low energy state. That is, if there is negative mass and negative energy level, negative mass spontaneously emits energy to be stable, and goes to energy state of minus infinity, so finally it is confronted by catastrophe." So, the solution of negative energy was discarded. And only DIRAC has applied the solution of negative energy to antiparticles. But, antiparticle's mass has a positive value. Finally, antiparticle is not negative mass particle. But, I find out very important property of negative mass. It is that negative mass is stable at the maximum point, so the catastrophe to energy level of minus infinity never happens. Therefore, at this time, It is necessary to watch carefully the fact that all sort of physical laws such as Law of energy conservation or Law of conservation of momentum do not deny negative mass. All sorts of physical laws do not deny them, thus negative mass(energy) can exist! Assuming that negative mass(energy) and positive mass(energy) were born together at the beginning of universe, most problems are solved. ---------- HSS team : Brian P. Schmidt, et al : http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9805201 14P, 26~29lines. If Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.38(±0.22) : negative mass density SCP team : S.Perlmutter et al. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9812473 7P If Λ=0, Ω_m = - 0.4(±0.1) : negative mass density ======== Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass : http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
everything needs a mass to push. the physical concept of zero is impossible just as counting to ∞ is. it is used only as a reference point. A reference point is just that, a place holder for graphs and math to become more simple with the addition of negative numbers to allocate a differing reference point as well. would a negative mass be pushing or pulling?? a positive mass such as the moon already does both on the tides.
To push what? Really? You think it's impossible to have, say zero physical apples? How does the moon push on the tides?
Calculating centripetal force in galaxy from negative mass(Dark Matter) Dark matter and dark energy come from one origin Calculating centripetal force in galaxy from negative mass(Dark Matter) distributed out of galaxy http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_udXTGLmmdK4/SvmXWJ8cgNI/AAAAAAAAAFc/wm1y1HBrl8A/s320/fig11.jpg fig11 caption : Revolution velocity of galaxy. The revolution velocity through the total quantity of matter that can be observed is A, while the actual observed value is B. We observed not positive mass but gravitation effect.. This study mentioned the effect of centripetal force described previously, and the effect of centripetal force of negative mass with the description of dark matter. The researcher suggests that it is possible to prove the existence of negative mass with the comparison between observed value and revolution velocity of star according to the distance in galaxy which is calculated from negative mass distributed out of galaxy. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! fig12 caption : Negative mass effect on arms of galaxy. The actual observed spiral galaxy is on the left. Since repulsive effects occur between negative masses in Newton’s dynamics, negative masses will be distributed all over space because it cannot form large mass structures like stars. Negative mass within the galaxy is cancelled out by attraction from large positive mass during the galaxy formation process. Furthermore, the space, other that the galaxy, will maintain the distribution state of negative mass. - Please view to the simulation video-1,-2 When negative mass is distributed uniformly, if we examine the area of galaxy diameter working the gravity on the basis of mass m for the analysis, there is no negative mass in the space of spiral space on the left, so negative mass can exist as much as the size of black and white on the right. negative mass on the right works the force on positive mass m on the origin to the left(positive mass moves after receiving the force that becomes farther from negative mass), and this direction will be in keeping with the central direction of gravity of real galaxy. \( V(r)^2 = GM(r)/r \) \( M(r) = M(r)_{visible} + M(r)_{dark} \) From the calculation of centripetal force in Newton dynamics, the important matters to calculate gravity effect of negative mass are the size and model of empty space of negative mass by real galaxy on the left, in case of spiral galaxy or oval galaxy, it may be close to oval if we consider the fact that most of mass is placed on galaxy core, the rotation of galaxy, and the gravitational radius of galaxy core, thus we regard empty space of negative mass as spherical or oval, and perform calculation to compare with observed value. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! fig13 caption : Effective negative mass. The negative mass distribution, where gravity is applied without cancellation of the oblique field located on the right side. \( \frac{{mv^2 }}{{r_ + }} = \frac{{GM_ + (r_ + )m}}{{r_ + ^2 }} + \frac{{GM_ - (r_ - )m}}{{r_ - ^2 }} ---(103) \) (\(M_ + (r_ + ) > 0, M_ - (r_ - ) > 0\)) Adding the term of centripetal force by negative mass to the term of centripetal force by positive mass as described above, we compare revolution velocity of star and the density of negative mass, then expand this to apply to other galaxies, and we can inspect if the interpretation of dark matter distributed out of galaxy is proper or not. The distribution of negative mass that remains without being offset in Fig12 & Fig. 13 is crescent-shaped, so it seems to be difficult to calculate, but 1)if we assume that the white empty space on the left is full with negative mass and positive mass at the same density, white empty space(0) = (+mc^2) + (-mc^2) = 0 2)here negative mass is uniformly distributed over the whole area, so the effect of negative mass on mass m is 0. Remaining positive mass is distributed over the white area on the left at the density of negative mass, and 3)the gravity that uniformly distributed positive mass(with same density to the negative mass density) works on positive mass m place on radius r is worked only by the distribution of mass within radius r. – Shell Theorem. Please Register or Log in to view the hidden image! fig14 caption : Equal to the degree of gravity that is applied on the equally distributed positive mass within the radius r of the left side. The gravitational effect from negative mass, which functions at mass m is equal to the gravitational effect from positive mass within radius r. Therefore, the effect of negative mass that remains out of galaxy without being offset can make it approximate to the gravity generated by the distribution of positive mass within the radius R in galaxy \( M_ - = \rho _ - (r)V = \rho _ - (r)(\frac{{4\pi r^3 }}{3}) \) In equation(103) \( \frac{{mv^2 }}{{r_ + }} = \frac{{GM_ + (r_ + )m}}{{r_ + ^2 }} + \frac{{GM_ - (r_ + ^{} )m}}{{r_ + ^2 }} \) \( v = \sqrt {\frac{{G(M_ + + M_ - )}}{{r_ + }}} = \sqrt {\frac{{G(M_ + + \rho _ - (r_ + )V)}}{{r_ + }}} \) \( v = \sqrt {\frac{{GM_ + }}{{r_ + }} + \rho _ - (r_ + )(\frac{{4\pi r_{_ + }^2 }}{3})} ---(107) \) The mass density of collisionless isothermal sphere is given as \(\rho (r) = \frac{{\sigma ^2 }}{{2\pi Gr^2 }}\) in galaxy dynamics. \(\sigma ^2 \) is velocity dispersion. \( M_{dark}=M_{negative}= \frac{{2\sigma ^2 }}{{3G}}r ---(108) \) Equation (107) is applied to arbitrary spherical or oval galaxy, and in case of normal shaped spiral galaxy, the distance which spherical approximation can be applied from the center of galaxy will be effective. So if we consider that the distribution of negative mass out of galaxy comes under isothermal, the effect of mass in galaxy by the distribution of negative mass out of galaxy is proportional to r as shown in equation (108 ), and this is in keeping with observed dark matter. Positive mass dark matter distributed in galaxy does not form the spherical distribution, and it is broken owing to the gravity of galaxy core, gravitational action with stars, and rotation of galaxy, if its shape is not very intentionally assumed. Furthermore, there are various heat sources in galaxy according to position, so it cannot be regarded as collisionless Isothermal. However, the effect of centripetal force that negative mass works from the exterior of galaxy can keep the spherical distribution of mass, and make the mass effect that increases linearly in accordance with distance r as seen above because it receives less influence from elements such as the gravity of galaxy core, or rotation of galaxy. Also ideal state of collisionless can be achieved by negative mass, because negative mass has repulsive effect each other. At the solar system, non-observation of dark matter(negative mass) is explained. In negative mass hypothesis, dark matter exists at the exterior of galaxy, so dark matter is not observed at the solar system. It described that the quantity of negative mass decided at the beginning of universe can explain the effect of centripetal force in galaxy(V-4), repulsion effect on cosmic expansion(V-3), decelerating expansion at the first half, and accelerating expansion(V-1) of universe at the second half(7 billion years ago) at the same time. Therefore, it is necessary to try to calculate and observe negative mass more strictly, laying aside the abstract aversion of negative mass. Please review to the fig12, fig13, fig14. And then, please understand that the gravitational effect from negative mass is equal to the gravitational effect from positive mass within radius r. Below problems explained by negative mass - Almost uniformly distribution of the dark matter, - Non-observation of the star and galaxy consists of dark matter, - Dark matter clumping around galaxy, - Rotation curve of the galaxy -Centripetal force effect, - Low interaction between dark matter when collision occurs between dark matter, - Collision of Bullet Cluster, - Non-observation of dark matter at the Earth and Solar system (Xenon100, CDMS II…) - Non-baryonic dark matter condition, - Observed value of the dark energy(10^(-47)GeV^4), - Repulsive force needed for accelerating expansion, - It is show that result of original field equation(Λ=0) of general relativity is right. ======== Hypothesis of Dark Matter and Dark Energy with Negative Mass : http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015 http://www.bautforum.com/showthread.php/105870
modify the equation (107), (108) \( v = \sqrt {(\rho _ + (r_ + ) + \rho _ - (r_ + ))\frac{{4\pi Gr_ + ^2 }}{3}} \) The mass density of collisionless isothermal sphere is given as \(\rho (r) = \frac{{\sigma ^2 }}{{2\pi Gr^2 }}\) in galaxy dynamics. \(\sigma ^2 \) is velocity dispersion. \( M_{dark} = M_{negative} = \int {\rho (r)dV} = \frac{{2\sigma ^2 }}{G}r \) ========= Negative mass, Dark matter, Dark energy, CC Problem! http://www.bautforum.com/showthread.php/105870 Hypothesis of dark matter and dark energy with negative mass : http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
Centripetal force effect in the galaxy from dark matter halo Centripetal force effect in the galaxy from dark matter(negative mass) halo out of the galaxy! [Simulation Video] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylEi2gpnD08 In the simulation, When negative mass's shells exist at outline, collision time is shorter compared to existing only with positive mass's shells. This implies that there exist additional effects of centripetal force by the dark matter halo at the galaxy's outside in case of the galaxy having the axial symmetry(rotating galaxy). 1. Observation evidence for dark matter 1) Galactic rotation curves 2) Galaxy clusters and gravitational lensing 3) WMAP 4) Bullet cluster 5) Structure formation 2. In the Galaxy, No evidence for dark matter 1) At the Earth : non-observation(Xenon100, CDMS-II...) 2) At the solar system : non-observation 3) At the center of galaxies : no evidence Greedy Supermassive Black Holes Dislike Dark Matter http://www.universetoday.com/13091 Astronomers Find Black Holes Do Not Absorb Dark Matter http://www.universetoday.com/60422 4) At the galactic plane : no evidence "No evidence for a dark matter disk within 4 kpc from the galactic plane" http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.1289v1.pdf 5) At the galactic halo : no evidence Globular Cluster problem "Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419" http://arxiv.org/abs/1010.5783 3. Negative mass hypothesis It is simply explained. Dark matter which has negative mass is clustered around galaxy. And centripetal force effect exist in the galaxy from dark matter halo out of the galaxy. =========== Additional effects of centripetal force exist from the previous simulation. Unfortunately, evidencing the effects of centripetal force in the negative mass has not been succeeded yet owing to my knowledge shortage. However, this simulation program was designed by other persons, and thus more trustworthy than me.-_-;; If there is a person among readers of this report who can treat with classical mechanics(or general relativity) skillfully, please attempt evidences on the centripetal force’s effects having been made by the negative mass’s shell (having the axial symmetry or sphere one). ============= Hypothesis of dark matter and dark energy with negative mass : http://vixra.org/abs/0907.0015
