How much of this language has been reconstructed? Do we know the margin of error? How would one go about learning it? What were all the languages used to reconstruct it? Lot of questions I know. I've been fascinated with PIE ever since I came to be aware of it.
Looking at the various hypothetical renderings of a fairy tale called Schleicher's Fable, it appears that we have a decent reconstruction of the vocabulary and grammar. The phonetics are a little iffy, but that's to be expected since we're digging back many thousands of years before the invention of sound recording. It would probably take a modern scholar at least a few days to become comfortable with the actual pronunciation of the words if he were sent back in time, but eventually he and the natives would be able to understand each other. All of the existing Indo-European languages, plus those that are now dead but left written records, like Latin and Gothic, have been used to reconstruct the ancestral languages. We probably don't have a very complete vocabulary list. We only have the words that have been preserved in successor languages; surely a great many have been lost and replaced by neologisms or foreign borrowings--or simply lost because the things they referred to in the Stone Age are things we no longer talk about. No one "teaches" classes in Proto-Indo-European.
I believe there is some work going on with deconstructing Prakrit but I have absolutely no idea how far that has come.
If you mean "proto-language" in the same sense as PIE, the original language in a family from which all the members are descended, then no. I would guess that Proto-Afroasiatic will be the next to be reconstructed, since it's such a huge family, containing many prominent languages like Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, Amharic, Egyptian and Ge-ez, many of which are among the earliest languages to be written. People are also working on Austronesian, which is a huge family with lots of material to work from. The prefix "proto-" is also used in a different sense for languages like Proto-Germanic, which, as it happens, can be reconstructed in quite a bit of detail. But we have both Proto-Indo-European, its ancestor, and the modern Germanic languages, its descendants, to work with, so it's not as big a challenge. It's like a Prakrit. Nonetheless, the earliest language that we have identified is Dene-Yeniseian, the ancestor of both the Yeniseian languages of Siberia and the Na-Dene languages of North America, which therefore goes back to at least 12000BCE. However, there aren't enough descendant languages to do a reconstruction, just enough to establish the relationship.
The phonetics are NOT a little iffy, a very big IF. Another problem which can never be explained is that Sanskrit has more than the double number of sounds than the other alleged members. Moreover, it seperates vowels and consonants neatly, and organises the latter in groups acording to which part of mouth they originate from. Such schema should have been inherited by other members of IE family, but is glaringly absent. Second. Evidentiay levels even to word correspondence are surprisingly lax. For example, in Sanskrit, Pitra, [not pitar], janaka, taat etc denote a father. Picking on pitra, writing it as pitar, is not done at all. Sanskrit and Greek are the bedrock of this IE. Yet "safely" reconstructed verbs are presnt in only or the other of them [at least 30%]. Another 34% are shared by two or more languages. It clearly indicates that Sanskrit developed locally, as did the other dialects like Greek and Latin etc. Stretched pronunciations are the bane of IE. Take ----------------------Sanskrit---------Predicted Germanic Brother-------------bhrátar ----------brōθar Mother-in-law-------śvaśrū- -------swigar Father-in-law------- śváśura- -------swehur Note here the dishonesty. In Sanskrit brother is bhrátá not bhrátar . Same way M-i-l is wrong It should be śvaśurii Btw, how many foundational laws doing the round?
Metathesis, the rearrangement of phonemes within a word, is a common phenomenon in the evolution of languages. We often hear metathesis in English--or perhaps I should say we don't hear it, which is why it can happen. Many people say "aks" instead of ask, "foilage" instead of "foliage," "calvary" instead of "cavalry," and "comfterble" instead of "comfortable." And of course by now everyone knows that President Bush could not pronounce "nuclear" correctly, and instead said "nook-ya-ler." In the era before sound recording, or even writing, it was easy for these kinds of changes to become popular and spread, without anyone even realizing it. Even today it can happen: in the popular TV show "24," Keifer Sutherland deliberately said "nook-ya-ler" in imitation of the President's speech. And he is not only fairly well educated, but his parents are Canadian! Phonetic changes occur; this is one of the most important ways in which dialects diverge from one another and eventually become separate languages. This is one of the many reasons that Sanskrit is not the same as Latin, Greek or Russian.
phonetic changes occur when a written pice is taken to a different place. There the local accents may influence the speech. ICE can be heard of as AICE, AISS etc. But consider. Sanskrit phenetics is based on oral teaching, even today. Second, Sanskrit has no known dialects. Whatever branched off became a language in its own right. Same is the case of music. Since Indian music is based on taught sounds and their reditions, they HAVE to be classically correct. A song rendered with a different phetics will jar, specially in a group. Group teaching has long been adopted for passing down the Rig Veda and other hymns and mantras. It gave you an example of bhrata. It was bhrata 2500 years ago ande is bhrata NOW. Phetics is the SAME, due to emphasis on teaching of phnetics. IE is in fact ill founded.
good day, My favourite is Groucho Marx - "These are my principles. If you don't like themm - I have more" "I dont want to be member of any club that will have me". There is sheer ignorance being exhibited in this blog in different forms. The forms border on spreading lies in the name of linguistic science. And this can be spotted by the greatest linguist, with more knowledge than all the Ph.Ds. put together and all Nobel laureates - a 3 year old child in Bharath India, or Germany or Colombia or Peru ... (you can fill in the blanks) And that child has been taught by the greatest linguist created by the [devata] the human mother with [divya svaRupa]. Arrogance of the ignorant leads to their downfall. The child of the future is going to ask "why did they spread such nonsense in the name of science" And I hope it will have the magnanimity to look favourably at its ancestors and "Aryan, proto what's that ...". There was and is is no such proto whatever that came in hordes to the sub continent. It is most likely that the truths in Mahabharatha are the truths. Before that the whole of the globe was following the vaidik culture. And [sampUrNa] Bharath - India was its origins. Using pANiNIya dhAtupATha (1800 dhAtu) and Sir Monier Williams Sanskrit English dictionary(1899) - (2,96,511words) The almost entire vocabulary of Kiche Maya with about 9000 words and almost complete Mayan etymological dictionaries about 40000 words can be reconstructed. It is an unequal comparison - and being self critical (the best scientific method) you dont go publishing trash and harming own self. You need to be sure and not jump to conclusions. Statistics and true science may be saying the same too. There is chance that two different languages (languages that diverged over time) can be the same without revealing any truth on its etymology. So coming from a Brahmin scholarly family and veda paNDits with recorded lineage of more than 400 years - I meditate, unlearn with faith in the [devI vA~ggmayI] and find answers that are simple . It is not very time effective to compare mangos and llamas and kangaroos and mobile phones. - Compare the elements of one with elements of the other. That is what biochemists, chemists and physicists do in comparing anything with any other thing in the universe. "But they call these roots" - she tells me "I am not here to explain the stupidity of so called scholars" - dhAtu are elements - they have been called roots by people that have not pondered and understood enough. Nothing grows up from roots. The seed germinates roots go down and shoots come up they are part of the whole. "roots of verbs" - is the greatest travesty on biology and linguistics. And the arrogance of the ignorant is evident when somebody in this blog tells another you don't know sanskrit when he is talking bout pANiNI! When the words of the Mayan language (the dhAtu are are being formalized all over again - because the Spanish padres and marauders played havoc with native languages and scripts in the name of the Pope and Christ) are compared with pANiNiya dhAtu and also Dravidian these can be traced right out of the R^ik veda! a few brief examples: inTi is sun in Mayan - enDa is sun in telugu - endhaM in high energy is Sanskrit and a R^ik vedic word. chuna is lime in Maya it is lime in Hindi, sunnam in telugu. popul vUH is sacred ancient Mayan record (we need to check this because the originials were conveniently burned by priests - they kept this because of the word pop in it I suppose and translated the document miserably to a tale of sorrow of the defeated) - The entire document can be understood by anybody and reconstructed with pANiNiya dhAtu - Only problem is you have to junk the translations of the Spanish and English and check with the natives. They couldn't kill them all. And now about a few millions are alive and speak the ancient language in different parts of South and Meso America. Sir Monier Williams 1899 Sanskrit English Dictionary 00145144 popuva * [popuva]2[popuva] mfn. ( fr. Intens. ) purifying much or repeatedly #Pāṇ. 1-1, 4 #SC. This may be surprising to the inquiring child of the future and hope it does not get sickened - It would be obvious to it that the Americas were conquered pretty recently and hence there is not much scope of of the professors of this blog and IE to claim IE invasion of the Americas - and more nonsense. Mormons already have been trying to market that for the past few hundred years to the millions strong Maya speaking people's souls they try to save so that missionaries can go to heaven. So what is all this IE and Aryan Invasions and Dravidian invasions. Lingust scientists need to stick to science and not theories. dhAtu concordance is near absolute for these languages and where there are difficulties Tamizh helps. Cherokee is no different - Australian Aborigine is being looked into too. The current "scholarly" methods being followed and [oh devAH] the wierd theories emanating from so called "scientists" can blown away like "huff and puff" from the very "Grimm" fairy tales that leaves children with nightmares. One of the arrogantly ignorant scientist brethren comes to India recently from a Deprtment of Sanskrit in a university overseas - he had slides of jaws - trying desperately to prove weirdo theories - A lot of us were reminded of a old movie called Jaws and the shark. Tier garten - the german word - The genuine reconstruction is not from baltic shphaltic it is from take your pick for the most appropriate for the context Tier - syllable [T] varga matra [e] matra [r] halanth antaHsth [ga] sparsh [gA] pANiNiya dhAtu. ~> Tik{}t.ik{}to go @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> TikRu&{}{}gatyarthAH @ dhAtupATha ~> Tip{}t.ip{}to throw; to send @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> gard-grd{}gard-grd{}to play @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> gard{}gard{}exult (?) @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> gard{}gard{}to roar; to growl; to thunder @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> gard{}gard{}to sound @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> garda{}{}abhikA~NkShAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> garda{}{}gatau yAchane @ dhAtupATha ~> gardh{}gardh{}to desire @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> gardha{}{}abhikA~NkShAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> gAdh{}ga_dh{}to set out for; to dive; to seek; to compile; to string together; to stay @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> gAdhRu{}{}pratiShThAlipsayorgranthe @ dhAtupATha While the essence of the german shabda can be reconstituted with dhAtu - the reverse is impossible because the dhAtuu of German or its origins supposedly IE , Latin whatever do not exist or they have been politically twisted around or burnt by religious to "extinct" it by religious decrees. So it is high time and it is 2010 not 1020 AD that the truth is slowly brought out by those who know it. And those that don't better learn it in humility and dont attempt more plegiarism of gods fearing, gods loving and living Hindus. Sanskrit is the language that we communicate with the Gods. An apology is due to the person that got ridiculed arrogantly. I have put out so much here - because I have unbelievably more. We have been studying greek it in its original scripts.
Now, now, Panditji. You are giving unsceintific nonsense, as our only sceintific giant will tell you. After all, like me, you too reject the theories, and insist on the real meanings and pronounciations, not latinised transliterations, as the basis of language.
good day, i am in a good mood so i might as well perform another act of charity to the world reeling in the recession of its own making and dishonesty. the thing to understand is the construct of the vAk - and its genesis - Hindu philosophy and grammar defines it very clearly - para - pashyanti - mAdhyama and vAk. para is the seed of thought - this is known to be of divine origin - and a faculty that can be used or misused and both of which have probablistic outcomes. The cherokee maya german japanese speaking native child as all children identify sounds and words with what is felt + some non sense and laughable because it makes no sense. In other words the sound form of energy impinges on their j~jAnendriya and passes on the j~jAnam (termed data) via the j~jAnendriya into the portals of the mind there it becomes temporarily information = and mAhiti is how it is given to the mahat - Information is a transcient entity. what exists outside and inside is j~jAnam - Peole having problems with this better type in "information" into Microsoft Word (genuine copies) and look up the thesaurus supplied ... you can have a good laugh - Information is in <space> formation in queue ... And that is the state of j~jAnam of the world's largest Information technology corporation and the leaders of the IT industry on the nature of their product "information" I have yet to come across any language that may giving exact meaning of what information is except Sanskrit and Marathi. Coming back to the child and the understanding of languages - The first natural stage is understanding what an object and its sound assosciation doe or will do to it - In other words the qualities of the objects. The cherokee can very well pronounce whisky - but the "red injun" talk is "fire water" - This thing looks like water but it burns the throat. Fire in English candidates for dhAtu pha beginning ~> phakk{}phakk{}swell (?) @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> phakk{}phakk{}to behave ill; to go softly @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> phakka{}{}nichairgatau @ dhAtupATha ~> phal{}phal{}burst @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> phal{}phal{}fruit @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> phal{}phal{}to bear fruit; to result; to succeed; to be useful or fruitful @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> phal{}phal{}to burst open; to split; deri. phulla; utphulla; sam.phulla; praphulta @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> phala{}{}niShpattau @ dhAtupATha ~> phaN{}phan.{}spring @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> phaN{}phan.{}to go; to produce easily; deri. phan.ita; pha_n.t.a (in the second sense) @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> phaNa{m}{}{}gatau @ dhAtupATha ~> phaNAdayaH{}{} @ dhAtupATha ~> phar{}phar{}scatter @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> phe_l{}phe_l{}to go @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> phelRu&{}{}gatau @ dhAtupATha ~> phulla{}{}vikasane @ dhAtupATha aya ~> ay{}ay{}to go @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> aya&{}{}gatau @ dhAtupATha Monier Williams 00159386 pha * [pha]1[pha]2 ( only #L. ), mfn. manifest 00159387 pha ~> m. a gale 00159388 pha ~> swelling 00159389 pha ~> gaping 00159390 pha ~> gain 00159391 pha ~> = [vardhaka] 00159392 pha ~> = [yakSa-sAdhana] 00159393 pha ~> n. flowing 00159394 pha ~> bursting with a popping noise 00159395 pha ~> bubbling, boiling 00159396 pha ~> angry or idle speech Each akshara in the sanskrit and bharath Indian and Maya of South and Meso America or Cherokee have a meaning - And this is not at all the case of "alphabets" of arabistan or any where else. These alphabet based languages are probably derivants that didn't want to be identified with the Hindus - Somebody asked what language did god speak - "most certainly he spoke in the elemental dhatu based language if he did at all. And most certainly he did not need English or Microsoft's thesaurus.
rcscwc's Avatar rcscwc Registered Senior User (222 posts) there is no need to panic and respond so quickly - there is lot of time to correct your spellings - it is getting close to home isn't it . satyam eva jayate
So, PIE now gets modified to PM/MIE. No good for our only sceintist, whose pet is PIE. You are heading for trouble.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but you appear to be asserting that instinct is a more valuable tool for the advancement of civilization than reasoning. This is preposterous. Our instincts evolved in the Paleolithic Era, when the challenges we faced were vastly different from those we face today. The history of our species and the ancestral species of humanoids who came before us has been the use of our massive forebrains to transcend nature--to override instinctive behavior with reasoned and learned behavior. This includes both: The transcendence of external nature by turning rocks into tools, building shelters, inventing clothing, cultivating plants and domesticating animals, and The transcendence of our internal nature by learning to live in harmony and cooperation with people outside of our own clan, including the invention of government, money, writing, schools, etc. Civilization--the most wondrous of all creations, a new kind of organism of which we represent the cells--stands in opposition to our atavistic instincts and is the result of applied reasoning and learning. Today, more often than not, instinct is a threat to the survival of civilization, specifically the tribal instinct, which pits one clan against the other instead of bringing them together. One need only take a casual glance at a newspaper to see the evidence of that. Apparently you know as little about science in general as you know about the specific science of linguistics. Science is a collection of theories. A theory is a hypothesis that has been proven true beyond a reasonable doubt. German Tier and English "deer" come down from Indo-European dheusom, "creature that breathes," from dheus-, "breathe." Cognates abound in the Indo-European languages, such as Lithuanian dusti, "gasp," and Old Slavonic dychati, "breathe." Even the logic of the derivation resonates throughout our tribes, for example Latin animal from anima, "breath." Correct me if I'm wrong, but you appear to be advocating the Nostratus hypothesis, that all human languages evolved from a single ancestor. (Or at least the languages of all the descendants of the people who migrated out of Africa 50,000 years ago.)This may or may not be true, but there is not enough evidence to support it. About twenty years ago a group of scholars using the new technology of massively parallel computers identified a list of words that appeared to be cognates throughout all of the non-African language families, when certain phonetic changes derived by the computers' algorithms were applied. This was hailed as evidence for the Nostratus hypothesis and linguists were celebrating. Unfortunately, peer review (one of the most important steps in the scientific method) determined that the short list of words was no longer than could be accounted for by sheer chance. The celebration was short-lived. There were simply not enough correlations in such a short list to serve as convincing evidence for their postulated phonetic shifts. The Indo-European languages have hundreds of examples of each phonetic shift. For example, the assertion that English "five," Latin quinque, Russian pyat, Greek pentos and Farsi paenj are all the same word is not based on this one set of words, or even two sets or five sets. This correlation of Indo-European P with Germanic F and Latin QU can be found in dozens of words with identical or related meanings. We can't do this for the hypothetical Nostratic language superfamily. Unless I'm wrong, this appears to be what you're trying to do with your "momma's instinct" hypothesis. There is simply not enough evidence to rise above the level of coincidence. This hypothesis has not been falsified, but until it is proven true beyond a reasonable doubt, it remains merely speculation. Speculation is an important part of science, but to present a speculation as a proven theory is not science. Show us the peer review!
Fraggle Rocker Moderator (14,060 posts) namaste - let not beat around the bush . do you have any peers - facts are mine not false theories - And I am angry that I should be the candidate for the Nobel prize and not any or all of funded by the sweat and blood of common people. The Facts before presenting that since I am speaking the truth - and the veda I remind myself this prayer mR^ityuproktaaM nachiketo.atha labdhvaa vidyaametaaM yogavidhiM cha kR^itsnam.h . brahmapraapto virajo.abhuudvimR^ ityu\- ranyo.apyevaM yo vidadhyaatmameva .. 18.. saha naavavatu . saha nau bhunaktu . saha viiryaM karavaavahai . tejasvinaavadhiitam astu maa vidvishhaavahai .. 19.. AUM shaantiH shaantiH shaantiH .. Kiche Maya dictionary K’ICHE’ - ENGLISH DICTIONARY and GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION OF THE K’ICHE’-MAYA ALPHABET Allen J. Christenson Brigham Young University are chi (adv) in order that are k’u ri’ (exp) amen; may it be so are k’ut (dem) that’s right are la’ (dem) that is are wa’ (dem) this is are’ (pro) he, she, him, her, it are<taq> (adv) when, while ---------- ~> arh{}arh{}deserve @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> arh{}arh{}to worship @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> arha{}{}pUjAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> Ar{}a_r{}praise @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ------------- 00016620 aram * [aram]1['aram] ind. ( √ [#R.] 00016621 aram ~> [ara] ), readily, fitly, suitably, so as to answer a purpose ( with dat. ) #RV. 00016622 aram ~> ( with [pur'u], or [prith'u] ) enough, sufficiently #RV. i, 142, 10 and v, 66, 5, with dat. ( [e. g. bhaktaya] ), id. #Pāṇ. 8-2, 18 #Kāś, [cf. ['alam] and ~gk. ?]. [87 ,1] 00016623 aramiSh * [aramiS]3['aram-iS] ( ['aram-] ), mfn. hastening near ( to help ) #RV. viii, 46, 17 00016624 ara * [ara]2[ar'a] ( in comp. [-'aram] ) 00016625 aramaNas * [aramaNas]3[ar'a-maNas] ( [ar'a-] ), mfn. ready to serve, obedient #RV. vi, 17, 10. 2 00016626 aramati * [aramati]3[ar'amati] f. ` readiness to serve, obedience, devotion ( generally personified as ) a goddess protecting worshippers of gods and pious works in general #RV., ( mfn. ) ', patient [NBD.] #RV. x, 92, 4 and 5 00016627 ara~M * [araM]2['araM] ( in comp. for ['aram] ) 00016628 ara~MkRu * [araMkR]3['araM-√ kR] ( Subj. [-k'arat] or [-karat], 1. pl. [-kRuShNavAma] 00016629 ara~MkRu ~> Imper. 1. sg. [-karaN] aor. 3. pl. [-'akran] ) to prepare, make ready #RV. 00016630 ara~MkRu ~> to serve ( with or without dat. ) #RV. 00016631 ara~MkRut * [araMkRut]3['araM-k'Rut] mfn. preparing ( a sacrifice ), serving(as a worshipper ) #RV. 00016632 ara~MkRuta * [araMkRuta]3['araM-kRuta] ( ['araM-] ) mfn. prepared, ready #RV. and #AV. 00016633 ara~MkRuti * [araMkRuti]3['araM-kRuti] ( 'araṃ- ), f. service #RV. vii, 29-3 00016634 ara~MkRutyA * [araMkRutyA]3['araM-k'RutyA] Ved. ind. p. having prepared, being ready #RV. x, 51, 5 00016635 ara~Mgam * [araMgam]3['araM-√ gam] ( Imper. 2. du. [gantam] 00016636 ara~Mgam ~> Opt. 2. sg. [-gamyas], 1. pl. [-gam'eina] ) to come near ( in order to help ), assist, attend ( with dat. ) #RV. and #SV. 00016637 ara~Mgama * [araMgama]3['araM-gam'a] mfn. coming near ( in order to help ), ready to help #RV. vi, 42, 1 and viii, 46, 17 #AV. 00016638 ara~Mgara * [araMgara]3['araM-gar'a] m. ( √ 1. [gRR] ), one who bestows praise, who hymns gods? ' #AV. xx, 135, 13 00016639 ara~MghuSha * [araMghuSa]3['araM-ghuS'a] mfn. sounding aloud #AV. x, 4, 4 00016640 aramamANa * [aramamANa]1['a-ramamANa] &c. [a-rata] 00016 and this is pattern for every word for 40,000 words nearly in combined Maya etymological dictionary. using pANiNiya dhAtupATha , Sir Monier Williams English Sanskrit Work on Concordance of Native American South and North with Bharath India languages started in real earnest 5 years back after a strange discouraging response from a member of an e-group. The author of this book had posted a note that Maya could be understood better if the [barakhadi] system of [svara] [vya~jjana] taught traditionally in India were applied. The response was a bit caustic and referred an article written by somebody that "nothing should be made of languages in distant places having some common words". Statistics and probabilities were quoted for this. And he was right too! So how is this work different? This work does no aim to find same sounding words with a common meaning in the two rather very, very unequal sets. And should not too! Barring Maya Preliminary Etymological dictionary that has about 40,000 entries from the spectrum of "Maya" languages, most other dictionaries range from 500 to no more than 7000 -8000 listed words! The Monier Williams Dictionary has more than 2,95,511 entries. Indian Lexicon compiled by Dr.S.Kalyanraman has 2,19,000 entries. The [dhAtupATha] lists 2000 odd [dhAtu]. Whitney, lists only 813. "Nothing would have been made of languages in distant places having some common words" were it not for the fact there were very, very few matches. When a small population of words is compared with another that is huge, the probability of finding same sounding with same meaning ought to have been high. This was not the case. What does this mean? This could imply that the two sets are different. And what the author was doing was comparing mangoes with llamas,tepees and runing bears? That is one limited viewpoint to close shop. What if the elements of mangoes were to be compared with the elements of llamas, tepees, or running bears? Technically, and scientifically there should be very great commonality. Hence, [dhAtu] from [dhatupATha] was used. True enough a very high degree of commonality and concordance was found. This is not the end of the story but its beginning. [dhAtu] elements need to be structured to form [shabda] words and [shabda] words with other [shabda] words. And most importantly statistical analysis. This author found linguistic scientists not giving the most elementary F test in their papers- is one population of words different from another to test their own work. People catering to farmers do that when they want to sell an improved breed! So why are these people exempt why they make wild conjectures? There must be some method in language or grammar. Being self critical is part of modern scientific method. Being critical of other workers ought not to devote more than a line. I find it most strange that linguists of repute in past did not see what is crystal clear or did they? And in the present? ===================== This Cherokee word list compilation is from ... (c) alligator tsu-la-s-gi ============================== <><><>99714 * ['tsu']3[ts'u] mfn. loathing, detesting, feeling disgust or repugnance #rv. #av. #kauś<><><>099715 ~> reserved, coy ( said of a woman ) #rv. i, 164, 8<><><>099716 ~> m. n. of arjuna #mbh. <><><><><><> <><><>189339 * [la]1[la]2 m. n. of indra #L.<><><>189340 ~> cutting ( ?#[lava] ) #W.<><><>189341 ~> ( [lA] ), f. s. v <><><><><><> <><><>267390 * ['sa']1['sa']4 ( only #L. ) , m. a snake <><><>267391 ~> air , wind<><><>267392 ~> a bird<><><>267393 ~> N. of Viṣṇu or Śiva<><><>267394 ~> ( [A] ) , f. N. of Lakshmi or Gaurī<><><>267395 ~> n. knowledge<><><>267396 ~> meditation<><><>267397 ~> a carriage road<><><>267398 ~> a fence) <><><><><><> <><><>267399 * ['sa']1['sa']5 mfn. ( fr.) <><><>267401 * ['sa']1[s'a]6 the actual base for the nom. case of the 3rd pers. pron. [t'ad] , q.v. ( occurring only in the nom. sg. mf. [[s'a] or [s'as] , ['sa']] , and in the ved. loc. [[s'asmin] #rv. i , 152 , 6 ; i , 174 , 4 ; x , 95 , 11]<><><>267402 ~> the final of the nom. m. is dropped before all consonants [except before [p] in #rv. v , 2 , 4 , and before [t] in #rv. viii , 33 , 16] and appears only at the end of a sentence in the ham] ['sa' tvam] ,'i ( or thou ) that very person'<><><>267405 ~> #cf. under [t'ad] , p. 434] , the verb then following in the 1st and 2nd pers. even if [aham] or [tvam] be omitted [e. g. [sa] [tvA pRucchAmi]'I that very person ask you' #BṛĀrUp.<><><>267406 ~> [sa] [vai no brUhi]'do thou tell us' #ŚBr.]<><><>267407 ~> similarly , to denote emphasis , with [bhavAn] [e. g. [sa bhavAn vijayAya pratiShThatAm] ,'let your Highness set out for victory' #Śak.]<><><>267408 ~> it sometimes [and frequently in the Brāhmaṇas] stands as the first word of a sentence preceding a rel. pronoun or adv. such as [ya] , [yad] , [yadi] , [yathA] , [c^ed]<><><>267409 ~> in this position [sa] may be used pleonastically or as a kind of ind. , even where another gender or number is required [e. g. [sa yadi] [sthAvarA Apo bhananti] ,'if those waters are stagnant' #ŚBr.]<><><>267410 ~> in the Sāṃkhya [sa] , like [eSha] , [ka] , and [ya] , is used to denote Purusha ,'the Universal Soul' ) #RV. &c. &c. [Chf. Zd. [hā] , [h#A.<><><>267411 ~> Gk. ? , ?.] [1111 ,2]) <><><><><><> <><><>267414 * ['sa']1['sa']7 ind. ( connected with [saha] , [sam] , [sama] , and occasionally in #BhP. standing for [saha] with instr. ) an inseparable prefix expressing'junction' ,'conjunction' ,'possession' ( as opp. to [a] priv. ) ,'similarity' ,'equality'<><><>267415 ~> and when compounded with nouns to form adjectives and adverbs it may be translated by'with' ,'together or along with' ,'accompanied by' ,'added to' ,'having' ,'possessing' ,'containing' ,'having the same' [#cf. [sa-kopa] , [s^agni] , [sa-bhAya] , [sa-droNa] , [sa-dharman] , [sa-varNa]]<><><>267416 ~> or it may <>'ly' , as in [sa-kopam] ,'angrily' , [s^opadhi] ,'fraudulently' ) #RV. &c. &c. [Chf. Gk. ['a] in ? ; Lat. [sim] in [simplex] ; [1111 ,2] [sem] in [semel] , [semper] Eng. [same].]) 076352 * [ghiNN]1[ghiNN] ( fr. Prākṛt √ [geNh], [giNh] = [grah] ), cl. 1. Ā. [°NNate], to take, grasp #Pāṇ. Dhātup. xii, 1 ( #√ [ghuNN], [ghRuNN]. ) ============== Reconstructions of these are not given. It is left for the reader as exercise. A clue to the understanding the native American and his language is understanding that he can pronounce "booze". But he does not. It is innate to associate "sound" of word with a meaning. so what "booze" does is translated - "fire burns - this burns (in a different way) (water is liquid this is liquid)" when retranslated into English it is fire water. animal ga-na-tla-i animals e-hna-i antelope a-wi-yu-s-ti antler tsu-lu-nu-hi antler u-s antlers a-wi-tsu-yo-ni baby deer a-wa-ni-ta badger u-gu-na bat tlo-me-ha (or) tla-ma-ha bear yo-nv (or) yo-na bear meat yo-na ha-wi-ya beaver do-ya (or) da-yi (or) do-yi beaver dam da-yi-hv-s-gi beeswax wa-du-le-si ga-lu black bear gv-ni-ge-yo-na black fox i-na-li black skunk di-la gv-na-gei bobcat gv-he buck ga-la-gi-na buffalo yv-su 00203550 * [yavasa]2[y'avasa] m. n. grass, fodder, pasturage #RV. &c. &c. buffalo ya-ni-sa 00201410 * [ya]1[ya]4 m. ( in some senses fr. √ 1. [yA], only #L. ) a goer or mover<><><>00201411 ~> wind<><><>00201412 ~> joining<><><>00201413 ~> restraining<><><>00201414 ~> fame<><><>00201415 ~> a carriage ( ? )<><><>00201416 ~> barley<><><>00201417 ~> light<><><>00201418 ~> abandoning<><><>00201419 ~> ( [A] ), f. going, a car<><><>00201420 ~> restraining, religious meditation<><><>00201421 ~> attaining<><><>00201422 ~> pudendum muliebre<><><>00201423 ~> N. of Lakshmī 00118878 * [ni]1[n'i]1 ind. down, back, in, into, within ( except #AV. x, 8, 7 always prefixed either to verbs or to nouns<><><>00118879 ~> in the latter case it has also the meaning of negation or privation [#` down-hearted ' |=| heartless]<><><>00118880 ~> sometimes w. r. for [nis] )<><><>00118881 ~> it may also express [kSepa], [dAna], [upa-rama], [A-shraya], [mokSha] &c. #L. [Chf. Zd. [ni]<><><>00118882 ~> Gk. ? ; Slav. [ni-shu] ; [538 ,3] Germ., [ni-dar], [ni-der], [nieder] ; Angl. Sax. [ni-ther], Eng. [ne-ther], [be-neath].] 00120239 * [nis]2[n'is] ind. out, forth, away &c. ( rarely used as an independent word [e. g. #AV. vi, 18, 3 ; vii, 115, 3 ; xvi, 2, 1], but mostly as a prefix to verbs and their derivatives [#[niH-] √ [kShi] &c. below], or to nouns not immediately connected with verbs, in which case it has the sense, out of ', away from ' [#[nirvana], [niS-kaushAmbi] &c.] or that of a privative or negative adverb|=| 3. [a], without ', destitute of ', ` free from ', un- ' [#[nir-artha], [nir-mala] &c.], or that of a strengthening particle ` thoroughly ', entirely ', ` very ' [#[nih-shUnya], [niS-kevala], [nir-muNDa]]<><><>00120240 ~> it is liable to be changed to [niH], [nish], [niSh], and [niSh] and [nI]<><><>00120241 ~> #above and below). [543,3]<><><>00120242 * [nistattva]3[n'is-tattva] mfn. not comprehended in the 24 Tattvas or principles #MBh.<><><> bull tsu-ka-nv-s-di-na <><><>99714 * ['tsu']3[ts'u] mfn. loathing, detesting, feeling disgust or repugnance #rv. #av. #kauś<><><>099715 ~> reserved, coy ( said of a woman ) #rv. i, 164, 8<><><>099716 ~> m. n. of arjuna #mbh. 00046796 * [ka]1[k'a]3m. ( according to native authorities ) #N. Prajāpati or a Prajāpati #VS. xx, 4 ; xxii, 20 #TS. i #ŚBr. &c.<><><>00046797 ~> Brahman #MBh. i, 32 #BhP. iii, 12, 51 ; xii, 13, 19 ; 20<><><>00046798 ~> Daksha #BhP. ix, 10, 10<><><>00046799 ~> #Viṣṇu #L.<><><>00046800 ~> Yama #L.<><><>00046801 ~> Garuḍa<><><>00046802 ~> the soul #Tattvas.<><><>00046803 ~> a particular comet #VarBṛS.<><><>00046804 ~> the sun #L.<><><>00046805 ~> fire #L.<><><>00046806 ~> splendour, light #L.<><><>00046807 ~> air #L.<><><>00046808 ~> a peacock #L.<><><>00046809 ~> the body #L.<><><>00046810 ~> time #L.<><><>00046811 ~> wealth #L.<><><>00046812 ~> sound #L.<><><>00046813 ~> a king #L.<><><>00046814 ~> = [kAma-granthi] ( ? )<><><>00046815 ~> ( [am] ),n. happiness, joy, pleasure #ChUp. iv, 10, 5 #Nir. &c.<><><>00046816 ~> water #MaitrS. i, 10, 10 #ŚBr. x #Yājñ. &c.<><><>00046817 ~> the head<><><>00046818 ~> hair, a head hair #L.<><><>00046819 ~> ( also regarded as ind.<><><>00046820 ~> #1. [kam]. ) 00126675 * [nvai]1[nva'i] ind. ( for [n'u-va'i] ) indeed, certainly #Br. ( ##Pāṇ. 6-1, 94 #Vārtt. 1 #Pat. ) 00103167 * [dina]1[din'a]1 mfn. ( √ [do] ) cut, divided, mowed # RV. viii, 67, 10 ( # [svayaM-] )<><><>00103168 * [dina]1[dina]2 ( √ 3. [dA] ) . [a-saM-]<><><>00103169 * [dina]1[d'ina]3 ( accented only # Naigh. i, 9 ), m. n. ( g. [ardharc^adi], only occurring as n. ) a day # Mn. # Ragh. # Pañcat. and o. ( ifc. also in Vedic texts ), ifc. f. [A] # Rājat. i, 347. [Chf. Lat. [peren-dinus], [nUndinus] &c. ; Got. [sin-teins] ; Lit. [de10na] ; O. Pr. acc. sg. [deinan] ; Slav. [dṛnī].] 00099741 * [da]1[da]2 mf ( [A] ) n. ( √ 1. [dA] ) ifc. ( # Pāṇ. 3-2, 3 ) giving, granting, offering, effecting, producing ( e. g. [abh^iShTa-], 'giving any desired object ' # Pañcat. ii, 50<><><>00099742 ~> [gaja-vAji-vRuddhi-], 'promoting the welfare of elephants and horses ' # VarBṛS. xviii, 5 ) # Mn. # MBh. &c. ( # [agni-]<><><>00099743 ~> [a-doma-d'a]<><><>00099744 ~> [anna-], [artha-], [garbha-], [janma-] &c. )<><><>00099745 ~> m. n. a gift # L.<><><>00099746 ~> ( [A] ), f. id. # L.<><><>00099747 * [da]1[da]3 mfn. ( √ [do] ) ifc., [anala-], 2. [jIva-]<><><>00099748 ~> m. n. the act of cutting off # L.<><><>00099749 ~> ( [A] ), f. id. # L.<><><>00099750 * [da]1[da]4 mfn. ( √ 4. [da-] ) ifc. [Rushya-d'a]<><><>00099751 * [da]1[da]5 = [d'at], # [a-panna-], [panna-]<><><>00099752 ~> [So-Da]<><><>00099753 * [da]1[da]6 m. a mountain # L.<><><>00099754 ~> n. a wife ( derived fr. [d'am-patI] ) # L.<><><>00099755 ~> ( [A] ), f. heat, pain # L. 00114759 * [na]1[n'a]2 ind. not, no, nor, neither #RV. ( [nA], x, 34, 8 ) &c. &c. ( as well in simple negation as in wishing, requesting and commanding, except in prohibition before an Impv. or an augmentless aor. [#a. [mA]]<><><>00114760 ~> in successive sentences or clauses either simply repeated, e. g. #Mn. iv, 34<><><>00114761 ~> or strengthened by another particle, esp. at the second place or further on in the sentence, e. g. by [#[n^o]], [ut'a], [api], [c^api], [vA], [v^api] or [atha vA] #RV. i, 170, 1 ; 151, 9 #Nal. iii, 24, &c.<><><>00114762 ~> it may even be replaced by [ca], [vA], [api ca], [api vA], &c. alone, as #Mn. ii, 98 #Nal. i, 14, &c.<><><>00114763 ~> often joined with other particles, beside those mentioned above esp. with a following [tu], [tv eva], [tv eva tu], [c^ed], q.v., [khalu], q.v., [ha] [#g. [c^adi] and #Pāṇ. 8-1, 31] &c.<><><>00114764 ~> before round or collective numbers and after any numeral in the instr. or abl. it expresses deficiency, e. g. [ekayA na viMshati], not 20 by 1, i. e. 19 #ŚBr.<><><>00114765 ~> [pa~jcabhir na catvAri shatAni], 395 #ib.<><><>00114766 ~> with another [na] or an [a] priv. it generally forms a strong affirmation [##Vām. v, 1, 9], e. g. [n^eyaM na vakShyati], she will most certainly declare #Śak. iii, 9<><><>00114767 ~> [n^adaNDyo 'sti], he must certainly be punished #Mn. viii, 335<><><>00114768 ~> it may also, like [a], form compounds #Vām. v, 2, 13 [#below] )<><><>00114769 ~> that not, lest, for fear lest ( with Pot. ) #MBh. #R. #Daś. &c.<><><>00114770 ~> like, as, as it were ( only in Veda and later artificial language, e. g. [gauro na tRuShitaH piba], drink like [lit. ` not ', i. e. ` although not being '] a thirsty deer<><><>00114771 ~> in this sense it does not coalesce metrically with a following vowel). [Chf. Gk. ? ; Lat. [523 ,1] [n˘e-] ; Angl. Sax. [ne], ` not ' ; Eng. [no], &c.] -2 bull tsu-ka-na-s-ta-ti 00091432 * [tati]2[t'ati]1 nom. acc. pl. ( #Pāṇ. 1-1, 23 ff. ) so many, Lat. [tot] #AV. xii, 3 cat we-sa 00230244 * [ve]1[ve]1 ( cf. √ [Uy] ), cl. 1. P. Ā. ( #Pāṇ. Dhātup. xxiii, 37 ) [v'ayati], [°te] ( pf. p. [vavau] or [uvAya]<><><>00230245 ~> 2. sg. [uvayitha] #Gr.<><><>00230246 ~> 3. pl. [vavuH] #ib.<><><>00230247 ~> [UvuH] #RV.<><><>00230248 ~> [UyuH] #Bhaṭṭ.<><><>00230249 ~> Ā. [vave], [Uve], [Uye] #Gr.<><><>00230250 ~> aor. [avAsIt], [avAsta] #Gr.<><><>00230251 ~> Prec. [UyAt], [vAsIShTa] #ib.<><><>00230252 ~> fut. [vAtA] #ib.<><><>00230253 ~> [vAsyati], [°te] #ib.<><><>00230254 ~> [vayiShy'ati] #RV.<><><>00230255 ~> inf. ['otum], ['otave], ['otava'i] #ib.<><><>00230256 ~> [v'Atave] #AV. ), to weave, interweave, braid, plait ( fig. to string or join together artificially, make, compose, e. g. speeches, hymns ) #RV. &c. &c.<><><>00230257 ~> to make into a cover, into a web or web-like covering, overspread as with a web ( said of a cloud-like mass of arrows filling the air ) #Bhaṭṭ. : Pass. [Uyate] ( aor. [avAyi] ), #Gr. : Caus. [vAyayati] #ib. : Desid. [vivAsati], [°te] #ib. : Intens. [vAvAyate], [vAveti], [vAvAti] #ib.<><><> 00231620 * [ves]1[ves] cl. 1. P. [vesati], to go, move #Pāṇ. Dhātup. xvii, 70<><><>00231621 ~> to desire, love #Naigh. ii, 6. ( Cf. also 1. [vi], 2. [ve], √ 1. [vI]. ) chipmunk gi-yu-ga (or) gi-u-ga colt a-gi-na so-qui-li coon gv-li cougar tlv-da-tsi cow wa-ga (or) wa-ka coyote wa-ya deer a-wi deer skin a-wi-ga-na-gi dog gi-li (or) gi-tli dog gi-li-ni-ta (or) gil-u-s-di donkey di-ga-li-nv'-hi-dv donkey di-ga-li-ya-nv-hi-dv
namaste sir, I am talking about language and linguistics sir - you jump the gun to instincts. Instinct is innate - part of chromosomal make up - learnt behaviour is what I am talking about. There is a third category called imprinting behaviour found in birds. And I maintain that the 3 year old child is better linguist than us and the best teacher is its mother - because evry thing she says makes 100% sense to the child. not some professor or Ph.D. in linguistics. This ought to bring in more humility and treat the subject reverentially. ... the greatest linguist, with more knowledge than all the Ph.Ds. put together and all Nobel laureates - a 3 year old child in Bharath India, or Germany or Colombia or Peru ... (you can fill in the blanks) And that child has been taught by the greatest linguist created by the [devata] the human mother with [divya svaRupa].
namasthe , "creature that breathes," from dheus-, "breathe." Cognates abound in the Indo-European languages, such as Lithuanian dusti, "gasp," and Old Slavonic dychati, "breathe." Even the logic of the derivation resonates throughout our tribes, for example Latin animal from anima, "breath." this is the last post I intend making for some time - I am sure you can theorize as much as you want on Latin origins - after digesting my posts. I presume you are fully aware and have a very scholarly view and yet choose to dish out stuff on Latin and breaths. anima - garima etc are primal Hindu concepts. see Monier Williams.1856 and 1899 The Galanos dictionary - would give it even better. I notice removal of earlier post on tier garten of it being a children's playground posted by somebody - keeping cognates aside or perhaps it was in a sister blog to this. That the object breathes is great news for the child that goes with parents to the zoo today. What is it going to do to me, or for me, or for you, is explained or understood by speech or action by the child and in formation of words. deUsh - assuming it is very simple non philosophical issue - (1) it is is going to keep you /me warm - give you me breath - and for the candidates of the dhatu are given - It is worthwhile to check with your Lithuanian friends whether "s" or "sh" will make a difference - If it does congratulations. "dusti" has connotations of "philosophy in it that they think that the object will illumine them by eating it which it may or alternatively something very beautiful to look at. Delving more into the same - there are a series of things the deer gives - deer skin - etc. Mayan use the word ak for many things - this implies living thing -as opposed to non living in many contexts - "ak -kutila gatau" describes living things perfectly - they do not move in mathematically straight lines. ~> USh{}u_s.{}to be ill @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> uSh{}us.{}burn @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> uSh{}us.{}shine @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> uSh{}us.{}to burn @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> uSha{}{}dAHe @ dhAtupATha ~> USha{}{}rujAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> dhU, dhu{}dhu_, dhu{}shake @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> dhU{}{}vidhUnane @ dhAtupATha ~> dhU{}dhu_{}to shake; to agitate; dhu_nayati @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> dhU{}dhu_{}to shake; to cause to tremble; dhuvati; dudha_va @ VI (group 165 dhAtu) ~> dhU{}dhu_{}to shake; to excite @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> dhU{}dhu_{}to shake; to excite; deri. dhu_ta; dho_tum; dhavitum; dhu_tva_ @ V (group 40 dhAtu) ~> dhU{}dhu_{}to shake; to tremble @ IX (group 70 dhAtu) ~> dhu{}dhu{}to shake; to tremble @ V (group 40 dhAtu) ~> dhUs{}dhu_s{}to make splendid @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> dhUsa{}{}kAntikaraNe @ dhAtupATha ~> dhUSh{}dhu_s.,{}to make splendid @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> dhUsh{}dhu_s',{}to make splendid @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> dhUsha{}{}ityapare @ dhAtupATha ~> dhUSha{}{}kAntikaraNe @ dhAtupATha ~> de_{}de_{}to protect; deri. datta; dayama_na; da_tum; digya_na @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> de_v{}de_v{}to play; to sport; to lament @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> de~N{}{}rakShaNe @ dhAtupATha ~> devRu{}{}devane @ dhAtupATha ~> dhe_{}dhe_{}to suck; to drink; to draw; deri. dhi_ta; dha_tum; sam.dha_ya @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) =========== in the even that it is vash instead of uSh because of spelling problems of the alphabet based languages - that came in I think in competition with Bharath - just to say we are different - (Ancient Greek is phonetic ) I see now that IPA has woken up and created a set of symbols with and reinvented the wheel. They made a decision I suppose carefully weighing the options of additional burden on kids with them learning devanagari or any Bharath Language. ~> vas, uSh, uch{}vas, us., uch{}shine @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> vAs{}va_s{}to perfume; to incense @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}clothe @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}dwell @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}to dwell @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}to dwell; to live; deri. us.ita; pro_s.ya; vastum @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}to fix; to be straight; deri. vasta; vasitva_ or vastva_; vasitum @ IV (group 153 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}to love; to cut; to take away @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> vas{}vas{}to wear; to dress; deri. vasita @ II (group 76 dhAtu) ~> vasa{}{}AchchhAdane @ dhAtupATha ~> vasa{}{}nivAse @ dhAtupATha ~> vasa{}{}snehachchhedApaharaNeShu @ dhAtupATha ~> vAsa{}{}upasevAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> vAsh{}va_s'{}bellow @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> vAsh{}va_s'{}to howl; to growl; to roar @ IV (group 153 dhAtu) ~> vaSh{}vas.{}to hurt; to kill; to injure @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> vash{}vas'{}be eager @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> vash{}vas'{}to wish; to long for; deri. us'ita @ II (group 76 dhAtu) ~> vasha{}{}kAntau @ dhAtupATha ~> vaSha&{}{}hiMsArthAH @ dhAtupATha ~> vAshRu{}{}shabde @ dhAtupATha ========= and why names of places have remained unchanged for long periods of time even though invaded and conquered. Thses names have meanings too. And can be reconstructed from tpANiNiya dhAtu. Paris - [parI] ~> pA{}{}pAne @ dhAtupATha ~> pA{}{}rakShaNe @ dhAtupATha ~> pA{}pa_{}drink @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> pA{}pa_{}protect @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> pA{}pa_{}rise agains @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> pA{}pa_{}to drink; to feast on; to swallow up; deri. pi_ta; pe_ya; nipa_ya; pibat @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> pA{}pa_{}to protect; to govern; to preserve @ II (group 76 dhAtu) ~> pAr{}pa_r{}to bring to a conclusion; to accomplish @ X (group 473 dhAtu) It is a place that protects - (probably has been rebuilt) is a place for governing and protects accomplishments London - [~> luND{}lun.d.{}to steal or rob @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> luND{}lun.d.{}to steal or rob @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> luNT{}lun.t.,{}to rob; to plunder; to be idle; to resist; to be lame @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> luNTa{}{}steye @ dhAtupATha ~> luNTh{}lun.t.h{}to rob; to plunder; to be idle; to resist; to be lame @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> luNTh{}lun.t.h{}to steal; to plunder @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> lunth{}lunth{}to strike; to suffer pain @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> luNTha{}{}iti @ dhAtupATha It probably was a place that resisted robbers - Edinburough [eDinbarH) ~> edh{}edh{}thrive @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ~> Edh{}Edh{}to grow: to increase; to prosper; to extend; to swell; to rise @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> edha{}{}vR^iddhau @ dhAtupATha ~> ej, Ij{}ej, i_j{}stir @ Whitney (819 dhAtu) ) ~> barh{}barh{}to be pre-eminent; to speak: to kill; to give @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> barh{}barh{}to kill; to speak; to shine @ X (group 473 dhAtu) ~> barha{}{}hiMsAyAm @ dhAtupATha ~> barha&{}{}bhAShArthAH @ dhAtupATha are likely candidates. ~> Edh{}Edh{}to grow: to increase; to prosper; to extend; to swell; to rise @ I. (group 1155 dhAtu) ~> barh{}barh{}to be pre-eminent Prima facie - that workable pointers may be obtained at all from a standard 2000 odd dhatu is most useful for 1st stage in analysis. We cannot be certain that the etymology and the meaning is that - there needs to be colloborative evidence. finally to be confirmed by statistical analysis giving the probability that it did not occur by chance.
