Which are the two most distant objects in the universe from us ?

No, it is not a theory but a well proven and accepted fact.

 

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These two objects are located at a distance of over 13 billion light years from us, if you take the Light Travel Time Distance. This means that they will be no more than 27 billion light years from each other, measured using the same yardstick.
But if you take the location of the objects where they are now you will need the Co-moving distance; they might be as far as fifty billion light years away by now, or more, and so could easily be a hundred billion light years apart. Worse than that, they are outide each other's observable universe, so you could never travel from one to the other, even if you went at the speed of light for ever.
So on that scale they are effectively infinitely distant from each other.

 

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What exactly does lie beyond these protogalxies, and can we 'see' it and/or detect it? I've been pouring over some of the Hubble Deep Field pictures, and I have been very intruiged by what could lay beyond even the galaxies in the picture.

Also, I know that there may or may not be an edge to the universe, but is there an edge to the visible universe? That is, a point where there are no more galaxies, only empty space? I have been confused with that for a while.

 

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arrgh

 

We have just about reached the limit of what can be seen. The early universe, after protons and electrons had formed, but still too hot for atoms to form, was a plasma. Plasma is opaque to all EM because of the free electrons.

 

Yes, that the universe is expanding is an observed fact. Note the Hubble constant and recent work with supernovae in distant galaxies. The Big Bang is a theory that explains this phenomenon.