Slow Big Bang

Discussion in 'Astronomy, Exobiology, & Cosmology' started by Cyperium, Sep 23, 2007.

  1. Cyperium I'm always me Valued Senior Member

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    If Big Bang has allways expanded, and is increasing it's speed of expansion exponentially, wouldn't it have expanded pretty slowly at the beginning?
     
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  3. mathman Valued Senior Member

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    At the very beginning (called the inflation period - a small fraction of a second) the expansion was extremely rapid. After that it slowed down to "normal" and has been gradually speeding up recently.
     
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  5. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Wouldn't it be really interesting if the universe was a subset of waves that determined the speed of spacetime? The universe would expand faster-than-light, slow down, then accelerate again, then slow down, then accelerate again, well... you get the picture.
     
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  7. Cyperium I'm always me Valued Senior Member

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    How can something speed up without energy being added?

    Also, how can energy be added uniformly throughout the universe as to cause a general acceleration?

    Are there any theories as to what caused the explosion in the beginning?

    This dark matter; is that something that is relatively new to the universe? Where does it come from?
     
  8. superluminal I am MalcomR Valued Senior Member

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    Awesome questions!
     
  9. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Yes they are good questions. I'll answer them.

    1. When space
     
  10. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Sorry. Damn thing cut off

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    1. When space and time expand, it naturally releases energy into the vacuum.
    2. The Cosmological Constant is the uniformity of energy throughout the vacuum.
    3. Yes. The contending idea is that quantum tunnelling caused big bang.
    4. Dark Matter isn't new in the universe, its just a thing that had not been identified properly. It is said to have been born of space and time.
     
  11. Cyperium I'm always me Valued Senior Member

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    1. Ok, but as mathman said, first it expanded very rapidly, then it slowed down, and now it is speeding up in a accelerating way. How can this be? Is it perhaps due to the gravity holding everything together (causing it to slow down), then loosing it's grip?

    Are there still potential energy from the first burst that is now causing it to accelerate?

    2. But how can it be uniform if it accelerates? Shouldn't there be more and more energy? And when the expansion slowed, less and less energy?

    Also, is it the vacuum itself that causes the acceleration? Since the vacuum outside the universe is bigger than the vacuum inside?
     
    Last edited: Sep 30, 2007
  12. superluminal I am MalcomR Valued Senior Member

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    These are some of the deepest questions of cosmology. No one has any satisfactory answers for them yet. Certainly not Reiku.
     
  13. Reiku Banned Banned

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    1. Ok, but as mathman said, first it expanded very rapidly, then it slowed down, and now it is speeding up in a accelerating way. How can this be? Is it perhaps due to the gravity holding everything together (causing it to slow down), then loosing it's grip?

    Mathman here is talking about the inflationary stage, which was initially created to account for started the universe at the size of a proton, allowing it to travel faster-than-light so that light could reach all four corners of the early universe. What caused the inflation is not entirely known... It could be simply a mechanism due to the measure of energy in the vacuum. Indeed, it began to slow down again, but now is seen to be accelerating again. It is believed that Exotic Matter, an antigravitational substence is causing the universe to accelerate.

    ''Is it perhaps due to the gravity holding everything together (causing it to slow down), then loosing it's grip?''

    No, but, if the universe continues to die at this pace, the universe will suffer a Big Rip.

    ''Are there still potential energy from the first burst that is now causing it to accelerate?''

    Yes. Dark Enegy permeates 73.3% of all the matter in the universe. It has a negative energy density which is causing the universe to accelerate.

    ''2. But how can it be uniform if it accelerates? Shouldn't there be more and more energy? And when the expansion slowed, less and less energy?''

    One of the processes in quantum physics is 'renormalization''. This is when we take very large numbers - sometimes infinite - and subtract them from each other. In the vacuum, whenever we attmept to renormalize the energies (E=Mc^2+E=-Mc^2), we are still left with a massive amount of energy which has a nonzero effect. Perhaps this superfluous energy is the remnant of a volatile history?
     
  14. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Well, i'm sorry superluminal. I can answer these questions.
     
  15. superluminal I am MalcomR Valued Senior Member

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    Okey dokey.
     
  16. Oli Heute der Enteteich... Registered Senior Member

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    Wow! Such precision.
    Such incorrectness.
    The figure is not yet resolved.
    (That's even if dark energy actually exists - it's still a hypothesis).
     
  17. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Though, to be fair, two of these answers are inconclusive.
     
  18. Reiku Banned Banned

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    I'll have you know, the figures are as close as you will get (that is), if the substence is real.
     
  19. 2inquisitive The Devil is in the details Registered Senior Member

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    Reiku,
    1
    To be a little more precise, observational data indicates that after inflation, the acceleration of the universe entered a phase during which the rate of expansion was slowing down. Then, IIRC. about 4 billion years ago the rate of expansion began increasing. Did Exotic Matter just come into existance 4 billion years ago, or has it been a component of the universe since the inflationary period and has been increasing in density until it achieved dominance over gravity 4 billion years ago? Why does this observation not favor quintessence over a cosmological constant? I assume the answer relies on renormalization as an accepted fact, correct?
    The type of dark energy in the universe is crucial to the Big Rip hypothesis. The value of the equation of state w, the ratio between dark energy pressure and its energy density, must be w<-1 for the universe to be pulled apart. This type of energy is called phantom energy, an extreme kind of quintessence. It seems quintessence is the more likely type of dark energy instead of a cosmological constant to me. Why is a cosmological constant the focus of explaining the increasing rate of expansion? Is it because it is simpler to work with because Einstein has already provided the necessary equations?
     
  20. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Even better questions.

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    Did Exotic Matter just come into existance 4 billion years ago, or has it been a component of the universe since the inflationary period and has been increasing in density until it achieved dominance over gravity 4 billion years ago?
    1. Yes, you might be right in suggesting the latter. I wouldn't say that this antigravity substence came into existence only came into existence 4 billion years ago. This stuff is presumed to be threaded inside black holes. Indeed, if this is true, then this stuff formed when the universe was developing its first black holes, very early on in the universes history.

    Why does this observation not favor quintessence over a cosmological constant? I assume the answer relies on renormalization as an accepted fact, correct?
    2. Cosmology estimates that the cosmos did in fact begin acceleration about 5 billion years ago, give or take a billion years - before that, it was thought that dark matter and baryons where decelerating the universe. However, the density of dark matter disappears quickly in an expanding universe and will inexorably disappear, leaving dark energy to become the dominant matter in the universe.
    When the volume of the universe doubles, the density of dark matter is halved, but the density of dark matter is, as i am sure you could guess, halved, and according to the cosmological constant, dark energy is almost unchanged. Though, here is where Armageddon raises its ugly head, and informs us, if acceleration continues, then our universe will probably face a 'Big Rip'. The hypothesis focuses on the quintessence phantom energy, and a steady balance in the equation of state (w), which resembles the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density.
    When we reach in mathematics w<-1, the universe will be violently ripped apart. In a universe that expands at this alarming rate would mean that the observable universe is shrinking (which is around 14 billion light years away - note, that it is an estimated 40 billion light years away to the edge of the universe). This means that all of those galaxies and stars out on the observable edge of our universe are being whisked away at the speed of light - dragged by space and time itself, (this is not in violation of relativity).
    You can imagine, as the observable universe (a matter dominated region) produces a lot of gravity - and as they are pulled away from each other, interaction of the forces will be strained - and eventually when it reaches a certain critical value, absolutely no interaction will occur - no gravitational pulls, no electromagnetic, no influence of strong or weak forces... the result is a catastrophic rip. Not one particle will survive the rip.
    Renormalization is a given fact, but the cosomological constant provides a lot of problems, including the fact it is 122 times smaller than what is expected!

    This type of energy is called phantom energy, an extreme kind of quintessence. It seems quintessence is the more likely type of dark energy instead of a cosmological constant to me. Why is a cosmological constant the focus of explaining the increasing rate of expansion?
    2. Well, whenever the universe expands, (which is invriably an increase in the volume of spacetime), energy is also released... virtual energy converting into real energy. This release is making the universe expand, according to the cosmological constant. The more we have spacetime added, the more we are stretching the universes resources.

    Is it because it is simpler to work with because Einstein has already provided the necessary equations?
    3. The Cosmological Constant only came back into play when acceleration was discovered. It was first used to explain a static universe. Now, we find that the equation describing a cosmological constant is invariably releasing energy into the vacuum at an accelerated rate.
    A Big Crunch is still expected, but if this continues for another 5-10 billion years, then we might have to accept (not that it concerns us very much), the prospect of the Big Chill, or even a Big Rip.

    Reiku :m:
     
  21. Reiku Banned Banned

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    I would also like to note, that dark energy might arise from the particle-like excitations in a dynamical field called quintessence but, quintessence can vary in spacetime, so it differs from the cosmological constant and yet some scientists believe quintessence might be found in violation of Einstien’s 'Equivalence Principle.'
    I don't know enough why, but its the truth.
     
  22. 2inquisitive The Devil is in the details Registered Senior Member

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    Reiku,
    This is what I am wondering about. Yes, if the volume of the universe doubles, the density of the dark matter would be halved, assuming no additional dark matter has been produced since the surface of last scattering.
    Yes, the dark energy would have to have doubled along with the volume of the universe for the cosmological constant to remain a 'constant'. I assume you imply the increasing rate of expansion is due to the hypothesis that dark matter is diluted by the expansion, thus gravitational attraction due to the dark matter is reduced, allowing the dark energy to begin accelerating the universe at a greater rate. Is there any evidence that the total amount of dark matter has not increased since the surface of last scattering, or is it just assumed to be true to fit the current model? Same with dark energy, is there any evidence that dark energy increases in exact proportion relative to the total volume of the universe, or is it just assumed to to be true fit this particular model also? You can also see that as the universe expands at an increasing rate, the dark energy must also be produced (added to the universe?) at an identical increasing rate to keep the cosmological constant 'constant'. That is one of the reasons I favor a quintessence model over the cosmological constant model. There are many other factors I won't get into here, other than maybe give you a link to George Smoot's homepage.
    http://aether.lbl.gov/
    Professor Smoot, of course, was the co-winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of the anisotropy of the CMB radiation. You see, I am a supporter of a dynamical aether model for the universe, which is more in tune with quintessence. I think 'dark energy', 'quintessence', and 'dynamical aether' may all be the same thing.
     
    Last edited: Oct 1, 2007
  23. Reiku Banned Banned

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    Hi.

    The leading idea concerning Dark Matter, is that it will also have virtual particles that will pop in and out of reality. So, in effect, you could say that virtual dark matter also converts into real dark matter... I'm not clued up however whether the expansion will release more dark matter or more dark energy. I'll try and find out for you.
    As for Dark Energy, it has been presumed to be locked into the hidden dimensions of spacetime! Some sudden shake in space and time was supposed to have started off this mechanism. The Ekpyrotic Theory accounts for this theory best, and ties in with Hyperspace Theory.

    As for your theory, it seems sound. You know, we have a lot of Ether inerpretations 'out there.' Here are a few...As you might know, Einstein’s theory of Brownian movement became empirical evidence that atoms existed. Before this discovery, particles and forces where assumed not to exist - but this revolution showed us that we could observe atoms through microscopic-lensed telescopes.
    Einstein was heavily influenced by his mathematical insights, and this gave him great understanding into the world of particle behaviour - this too must bring with it the forces that 'carry' these specific particles… This included a particular medium for all matter called the Aether.
    What is 'Aether Theory' all about?
    Einstein wrote a paper on what was called, 'The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields'. I find it a most interesting paper. I believe it was originally devised contemporaneously for [one] of his uncles.
    Also known as 'Ether' from the Greek Word (aio'np), which basically means 'upper' or a.k.a. 'pure fresh air,' - it was believed to be an all-spacetime filling field. They refer its effects as a 'transmissional medium'. The Aether hypothesis has come in numerous forms, through the multiple interpretations throughout history.
    The orthodox Aether Interpretation is that it is a physical force/medium that permeates every corner of spacetime thus indicating an influence on all materialistic bodies contained within all spacetime. Another result of Aether presents properties that give rise to the electric, magnetic and gravitational potentials, and also determines the propagating velocity of their effects.
    It get's even more complex: it states that the propagating effects throughout all of the universe, are determined by the physical field of the Aether - which acts in a manor analogous to sound waves, such as the wave properties of a photon. Any developing propagation and potential effects within spacetime due to their velocities are viewed as having real effects. Thus, fundamental interactions depend on this Aether Force, in intrical ways.
    The rippling or ''propagation'' of the Force of Aether also presents time directionality, reflected in the 'Radiative Arrow’ - found in quantum evolution. Though, the effect in velocities predicted by Aether indicates the possibility in the answering of matter formations, and the age discrepancies that haunt our observations of galactic formations.
    This is as elementary as i can express it: Aether is a physically-interactive force field which acts as a mediator throughout all universal bodies - even between them in the vast Intergalactic Cosmological Medium - and like all 'mediums', if it exists, as i believe it does, must have fundamental attributes consisting of a pressure, a tension, a mass density and temperature.
    Aether, as controversial as it has become to be known in the academic world, has played, as i believe, one of the biggest roles in the developing theories of the equally controversial quantum mechanics. And this is why: During the 19th century, the most elementary fundamental forces where known as electrical, magnetical and 'luminous' phenomena. By unifying these fundamental characteristics, brought with it new modes of theories... integrating the fields of force into a single network.

    The Preferred Model of Aether Theory

    Thus, the attention during the 19th century was focused on the fundamental interaction of electromagnetic phenomena.
    It was in fact assumed for a while by the majority of the physicists of that era that 'ponderable' matter, consistent of having what is called 'rest value,' and 'inertia', was inexorably differential, that was 'somehow' meshed, or, enveloped through the permeating, all-space and all-time Aether.
    Now, some strange conclusions can be made here. If the above is correct, this interpretation states that an object must literally 'plow' through the Aether. If it 'plows' through the Aether, it then must also drag the ''fabric'' of Aether along its trajectory.

    If the hypothetical object does not move the distribution of pressure exerted by the strange Aether, means that it is equally proportional in all directions! A function coined by scientists as (isotropic). It has also come to be more widely known as the 'Rest Frame of The Aether.'
    Thought indicated that the measure of matter in motion through this Aether Field was highly important. One way to measure such an effect would be found in the momentum of the Earth, which was considered to be suffice in magnitude, that its speed was determinable.
    Thus a physicist called Albert Michelson in 1881 set out to find the tail whip of the Aether wind as earth ploughed through it.

    The Test of Matter in Motion Through The Aether

    Michelson solved the question to this, through experimental tests, that, unfortunately resulted in 'the Big Goose Egg,' - 'absolute nada'. Again, it was repeated in 1887, this time counterparted with physicist Edward Morley, and their experiment became to be known as the 'Michelson-Morley Experiment.' However, even this revived experiment proved fruitless!
    It basically meant at the time, that the positive results predicted by the ‘Preferred Model,’ were not conclusive with the predicted results.

    So How Should Matter in Aether Be Viewed?

    Well, science informs us that any medium would itself react to any movement of a physical ''meshed'' object, the postulate of a static Aether is also assumed to be flawed. However, ways around this can be evaluated. The 'classic way' to describe the following, is that, whenever you swirl your hand in water, and if the medium has any viscosity, it will experience a 'dragging effect', thus can be now imagined to cause a circular motion - a bit like the way a Black Hole itself drags space and time with it... However, as the time variables increase, so does the relative speed and drag between the body and the medium.
    This results the overall magnitude to be equally dependant on the 'value of viscosity', which relentlessly leads to many variants of the Aether theory and the momentum of matter through it. These lead to 'Coefficient Theories,' and principles for how all Bradyonic matter should interact with the Luxen particle of light.
    The progressive evolution in Aether theories has paradoxically made our search rather difficult, as they open 'too many doors', making any initial theory almost invalid to make any self-assured predictions.

    Quantum Mechanics and Aether Theory

    Quantum Mechanics, as you will undoubtedly know, is used to interpret the function of matter at the fundamental level. We see this as all arising from the vacuum, like the spontaneous bubbling of electrons and antielectrons out of the Dirac Sea whenever there is enough energy present. Remember, the Dirac Sea is packed full with negative particles.
    Matter must come out of the vacuum, and create two distinct forms of longer-lived spacetime distortional fluctuations; a particle and its antipartner. This was called by physicist J. A Wheeler as ''quantum foam.''
    These fluctuations arise out of a spatial coordinate - this size is 1.616 x 30^-33, which is the smallest known 'box' of space. The fluctuations also arise out of the smallest time possible, called the ‘Planck Time,' which is 5.391 x 10^-44 seconds. It is here, in this infinitesimal unit of space that releases an enormous amount of virtual energy in the quickest time possible!
    On this small level, space and time literally forces these spontaneous rapid releases of quantum bubbles of energy/gas that breaks into a particle and its antiparticle. Thus, Quantum Theory might itself be indicating an equivalence with 'zero-point energy field,' that may be the shadow of a ''particulate Aether''.

    There are simply some aspects about the Aether field that we simply ‘just need’. There are many more theories about the Aether though which are very controversial such as The Einstein-Aether Theories… And all this originally stemmed from physicist Thomas Young’s experiment of a photons quantum wave. I don't think the Aether field will be solved any time soon – however, the Aether field is now gaining more and more interest, as I have been informed by Dr. Fred Alan Wolf… The reason why is because some scientists believe that dark energy might be linked to the Aether… And because we know so very little about dark energy, this has got the scientists very excited.
     

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