Hello,

"Local blood flow control can be divided into two phases;

1)Acute - rapid change constriction/dilatation of arteriols, metarteriol et spincters.

2)Long-term control provides a better control by increasing/decreasing
the physical size and number of blood vessels supplying the tissues. "

Diabetic2 patients can have persistent hyperglycemia due to excess craving and overeating. They can also opt for sed. lifestyle due to some or due to some diabetic pathology, predispositions or opting for modern lifestyles. Consequently, supply of glucose and nutrients can be more to tissues and demand/need to them may be less. As such excess glucose, nutrients etc. may cause some toxicity to target tissues. To save from this and in view of above;

Can chronically elevated blood glucose levels and/or of other nutrients in blood cause some morphological changes by decreasing the physical size and number of blood vessels supplying the tissues as "long term blood flow regulation", naturally?

How added insulin--medicated or injected, can behave in opposite to above natural body's mechanism of restricting excess exposure of nutrients to cells, in view of dilating effect mediated by added insulin? Can such added insulin cause gluco/nutrient toxicity or excess exposure to target cells?

Btw, whether added insulin, is continiously exposed to blood and target cells for prolonged time or for whole day (long acting) persistently ? If yes, what can be its impact?

Best regards.

To add more for dynamic thoughts:-

Whether humoral, neurological, metabolic, physical or mechanical(exercise, massage etc.), Bio-chemical(Ca, Mg, K, pH effecting, CO2 etc.), environmental--heat and cold, dry or moist, modern lifestyle, pollutions, stresses, relaxations effect blood glucose levels by their vasoconstricting or vasodialating effects?

Whether medicines and other healing techniques which are indicated to effect by causing vasodilation(some for BP, sed. etc.) or vasoconstriction also effect blood glucose levels?

To add from "Text book of Medical physiology by Guyton & Hall.;-

"Long term regulation of blood flow is esp. important when metabolic
demands of tissue change. Thus, if a tisue become chronicallt
overactive and therefore require chronicaly increased quantity of
oxygen and other nutrients, the blood vessels usually increase within
few weeks almost to match needs of the the tissues--unless the
circulatory system has become pathological too old to repond.

The mechanism of long term local blood flow regulation is principally
to change the degree of vascularity of the tissues. For instance; if
metabolism in in a given tissue is increased for a prolonged time
vascularity increases; if the metabolism is decreased, vascularity
decreases. Thus there is reconstruction of the tissue vasculature to
meet the needs of the tissues. The reconstruction occurs rapidly(within
days) in exteremely young animals. It also occurs rapidly in new groth
tissue, such as scar tissue and cancerous tissue; however it occurs
much more slowly in old, well established tissues.


Oxygen is important not only for acute but also long term control of
local blood flow. One example of this in to increase in vascularity in
the tissues of animals that live on high altitudes, where the
atmospheric oxygen is low. A second example is that fetel chicks
hatched in low oxygen have upto twice as muchblood vessel conductivity
as is normally true. This same effect is also dramatically demonstrated
in premature human babies who are put on oxygen tents for therapeutic
purposes. The excess O2 causes almost immediate cesstion of new
vascular growth in the retina of the premature baby's eyes and even
causes degenaration of some of the capillaries that already have
formed. Then when the infant is taken out of the o2 tent, there is
explosive overgroth of new vessels to make up for the sudden decrease
in available oxygen; indeed, there is often so much overgroth that
vessels grow into the eye's vitreous humor and eventuall cause
blindness. (This condition is called "retrolental fibroplasia"). "


It may be very important in understanding addiction, physical dependance,
tolerances, habits, cravings variations in blood flows blood flow
controls to tissues, need and supply balance to tissues, variations in
demand of regulatory harmones, vasodilators, vasoconstrictors etc.,
toxicities and effect of toxicities to tissues etc.

It is also from the Text book of physiology by Guyton & Hall apart from other
vasoconstrictior and dilator agents:-


"Effects of ions and other chemical factos on vascular control:-


Many different ions and other chemical factors can either dilate of
contrict local blood vessels:-

*An increase in calcium ion concentration causes vasoconstriction. This
results from the general effect of calcium to stimulate smooth muscle
contraction.

*An increase in K+ ion concentration causes vasodilation. This results
from ability of K ions to inhibit smooth muscle contraction.

*An increase in magnesium ion concentration causes powerful vasodilation
because magnesium ions inhibit smooth muscle generally.

*The only anions to have significant effects on blood vessels are
acetate and citrate, both of hich causes mild degrees of vasodilation.

*An increase in hydrogen ion concentration (decrease in pH, [lactic acidosis etc.]) causes dilation of the arterioles. A slight decrease im hydrogen ion
concentration causes arteriolar constriction, but an intense decrease
causes dilation.

*An increase in carbon dioxide concentration causes moderate
vasodilation in most tissues but marked vasodilation in the brain.
Also, carbon dioxide, acting on the brain vasomotor cener, has an
extremely powerful indirect effect, transmitted through the sympathetic
nervous vasoconstrictor system, to cause widespread vasoconstriction
throughout the body."


Is it ok?

Furthur, O2 levels can also effect vasculature, vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Natural vasodilators and Drugs that Exploit Them

*Absence of high levels of environmental noise

......

*Niacin (aka nicotinic acid)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation

The above are also considered as vasodilators.


Whether above vasodilators, chemical factors and changes in breathing pattern can cause changes in blood circulation, if yes, how it can impact on blood glucose levels?

Noise health effects, the collection of health consequences of elevated sound levels, constitute one of the most widespread public health threats in industrialized countries. Current conditions expose tens of millions of people to sound levels capable of causing hearing loss[1], but also are known to induce tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts [1]. Roadway noise is the main source of environmental noise exposure. Aerodynamic noise created at freeway speeds is particularly intense. Vasoconstriction can also be contributory to erectile dysfunction[2]. Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels create stress, increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social behaviors[3]. The most important sources of sound levels that create the above effects are motor vehicle and aircraft noise, with industrial worker noise exposure also being notable. Secondary exposures may arise from loud audio media especially if practiced as a lifestyle such as prolonged digital audio player use.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_health_effects

The above is related to vasoconstriction, stress, CV diseases etc. *Absence of high levels of environmental noise is indicated as a natural vasodilator. Noise pollution can be common in big cities. Persistent hyperglycemia can also be common in big cities. How noise pollution, while acting as a vasoconstrictor, can cause persistent hyperglycemia?

Actions on cellular and metabolic level

Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism.

The actions of insulin on the global human metabolism level include:

Control of cellular intake of certain substances, most prominently glucose in muscle and adipose tissue (about 2/3 of body cells).
Increase of DNA replication and protein synthesis via control of amino acid uptake.
Modification of the activity of numerous enzymes (allosteric effect).
The actions of insulin on cells include:

Increased glycogen synthesis – insulin forces storage of glucose in liver (and muscle) cells in the form of glycogen; lowered levels of insulin cause liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose and excrete it into the blood. This is the clinical action of insulin which is directly useful in reducing high blood glucose levels as in diabetes.
Increased fatty acid synthesis – insulin forces fat cells to take in glucose which is converted to triglycerides; lack of insulin causes the reverse.
Increased esterification of fatty acids – forces adipose tissue to make fats (ie, triglycerides) from fatty acid esters; lack of insulin causes the reverse.
Decreased proteinolysis – forces reduction of protein degradation; lack of insulin increases protein degradation.
Decreased lipolysis – forces reduction in conversion of fat cell lipid stores into blood fatty acids; lack of insulin causes the reverse.
Decreased gluconeogenesis – decreases production of glucose from various substrates in liver; lack of insulin causes glucose production from assorted substrates in the liver and elsewhere.
Increased amino acid uptake – forces cells to absorb circulating amino acids; lack of insulin inhibits absorption.

*Increased potassium uptake – forces cells to absorb serum potassium; lack of insulin inhibits absorption.
*Arterial muscle tone – forces arterial wall muscle to relax, increasing blood flow, especially in micro arteries; lack of insulin reduces flow by allowing these muscles to contract.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin

You can think many things by above indicated actions of insulin, if more insulin--natural or added is there in system.

Probably, our system may cause vasocontrictions, if it want to remove excesses via urine AND vasodilation if it want to send to tissues, remove via prespiration etc.

There may be many effects on prolonged relaxed conditions, vasodilations, excess difusions to tissues. Can you tell few?

Holy shit batman! :confused: A HEXTUPLE post!!
This must be interesting topic, too bad I don´t know anything about biology.
There may be many effects on prolonged relaxed conditions

Muscle decay?

Holy shit batman! :confused: A HEXTUPLE post!!

i think buddha1 holds the record for most posts in a row.

i think he also holds the record for talking to himself.

Holy shit batman! :confused: A HEXTUPLE post!!
This must be interesting topic, too bad I don´t know anything about biology.


Muscle decay?

Any other effect from prolonged relaxed conditions of muscles?

What this indicated action of Insulin can cause on more and regular availibity of insulin--natural or added?

"Arterial muscle tone –[insulin] forces arterial wall muscle to relax, increasing blood flow, especially in micro arteries; lack of insulin reduces flow by allowing these muscles to contract. "

"[insulin] forces arterial wall muscle to relax, increasing blood flow, especially in micro arteries"

How above can be related to diabetes complications?

Followings are some special mentionings about IR:-

Excess Insulin has negative effects!
As just stated, your body's metabolism processes food and produces energy, and insulin is your metabolism's master hormone. Having an over abundant supply of insulin can be very detrimental to your health. Listed below are some of the complications caused by excess insulin.


1) Heart Disease.

2) Hardening of the Arteries.

3) Damage to Artery Walls.

4) Increased Cholesterol Levels.

5) Vitamin &Mineral Deficiencies.

6) Kidney Disease

7) Accumulation & storage of fat.

8) Weight Gain

9) Fat burning mechanism turned off.


Nutritional Deficiencies from excess insulin.
Science has shown that excess insulin also causes your body to become deficient in vitamins, minerals and other nutrients. It's a proven fact that being deficient in them is directly linked high blood sugar levels.

Chromium
Chromium is essential to your metabolism and maintaining safe sugar levels. Excess insulin depletes our chromium. According to Dr. Michael Eades, MD , author of "Protein Power", he states, "The insulin receptor, the structure on the surfaces of your cells that actually become resistant to insulin, requires chromium to function properly. Deficiency of chromium is rampant - it affects 90% of the American population - because a diet high in starch and sugar puts a heavy demand on the insulin system to handle the incoming carbohydrate load, and that demand depletes chromium."

Calcium and Magnesium
Excess insulin also causes your body to become depleted in calcium and magnesium. Both of the elements are essential for good health and are a part of hundreds of bodly functions. One of the most common problems that result from a deficiency in calcium is bone density. Magnesium also plays an important role in your body's utilization of calcium.

Some of the other deficiencies caused by excess insulin are: zinc, selenium, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, the B complex Vitamins, the essential fatty acids, and much more...
http://www.diabeticsfightback.com/causeofdiabetes.html

Cause 1: High carbohydrate consumption, which causes intracellular magnesium deficiency
High carbohydrate consumption (doesn't matter if it's starches or sugars) results in high insulin levels throughout the day. High insulin levels make the intracellular Magnesium decrease and the Calcium increase...

The relation with insulin:Insulin only works when the tissue is at its optimal pH level. When the pH level is too low (too acid) insulin will work less effective and when the pH level is too high (too alkaline) insulin's action will be exaggarated. Hence: People who have acid tissues will often have too high bloodsugars and people who have alkaline tissues will often have low bloodsugars.

http://www.newtreatments.org/hypo.php

Whether above mentioning is correct?

Btw, whether added insulin, is continiously exposed to blood and target cells for prolonged time or for whole day (long acting) persistently ? If yes, what can be its impact?
Check this out:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_insulinotherapy

And...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_insulinotherapy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus

There are different types of diabetes that are treated in different ways, depending on the patient. Some are treated with long acting insulin. Others with short acting. Some people have an insulin pen that they use to inject , usually right before or after eating. Others have a continuous supply, attached to their bodies.

Diabetes is a very complicated disease. What exactly are you looking for? What do you mean by "Can it be possible?"

Chromium
Chromium is essential to your metabolism and maintaining safe sugar levels. Excess insulin depletes our chromium. According to Dr. Michael Eades, MD , author of "Protein Power", he states, "The insulin receptor, the structure on the surfaces of your cells that actually become resistant to insulin, requires chromium to function properly. Deficiency of chromium is rampant - it affects 90% of the American population - because a diet high in starch and sugar puts a heavy demand on the insulin system to handle the incoming carbohydrate load, and that demand depletes chromium."
Chromium is an excellent treatment to hypoglycemia. Hypoglicemia is a little bit different, but related to, diabetes. Check it out:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia


Hypoglycemia is when the blood glucose level is very low. Chromium helps stabilizing the blood glucose level. So I'm not surprised too much insulin can cause chromium depletion....

There are different ways and type of insulin therapy in diabetes. Insulin can be defficient or excess or less effective. I am concentrating on, when insulin is less effective due to diabetes type2 with insulin resistance. As insulin is less effective more and more insulin is either secreted or medicated. This more and more insulin will be more tha the normal insulin secretion in healthy non diabetic person. I am just trying to understand, whether this "more insulin" secreted or added due to medications can be harmful in any respect. My above posts are related to such thoughts.

Oh yes! Indeed. My wife had gestational diabetes. By the end of the pregnancy, she was taking a whole lot more insulin then before. So I happen to have some knowledge of that...

Well, first of all, you become more dependent on insulin. Second, if I remember correctly, you can "crash" more- hypoglycemia, that is. This is what my wife was starting to get at the end of her pregnancy. Still, I think it depends on what kind of insulin problem you have. For instance, obese people are often diabetic.

I think one of the greatest problems excessive insulin can cause is this:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinsulinemic_hypoglycemia

This is precisely what I pointed out above.
"Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia describes the condition and effects of low blood glucose caused by excessive insulin. Hypoglycemia due to excess insulin is the most common type of serious hypoglycemia. It can be due to endogenous or injected insulin. Hypoglycemia due to endogenous insulin can be congenital or acquired, apparent in the newborn period, or many years later. The hypoglycemia can be severe and life-threatening or a minor, occasional nuisance. By far the most common type of severe but transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia occurs accidentally in persons with type 1 diabetes who take insulin.

So there are two forms of hyperinsulinism:

Injected
Congenital (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_hyperinsulinism)
"

Hope this answers your question... :)